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clinical skills > Interpretation of Full Blood Count > Flashcards

Interpretation of Full Blood Count Flashcards

1
Q

what is haemoglobin (Hb)?

A

protein in red blood cells which carried oxygen

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2
Q

what is haemoglobin a measure of?

A

CONCENTRATION of haemoglobin within the blood

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3
Q

what does low haemoglobin indicate?

A

anaemia

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4
Q

what is mean corpuscular volume (MCV)?

A

mean VOLUME of the RBCs

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5
Q

what is MCV used for?

A

classify different anaemias

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6
Q

what does a raised MCV mean?

A

macrocytic = large cells

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7
Q

what does a normal MCV mean?

A

normocytic = normal cells

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8
Q

what does a reduced MCV mean?

A

microcytic = small cells

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9
Q

what are reticulocytes?

A

immature RBCs

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10
Q

what is the reticulocyte count?

A

porportion of RBCs that are immature

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11
Q

when is reticulocyte count raised?

A
  • blood loss
  • haemolytic anaemia

bone marrow works harder to replace lost cells

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12
Q

what is red cell count (RCC)?

A

CONCENTRATION of RBCs within the blood

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13
Q

what causes a raised RRC?

raised concentration of RBCs

A
  • reduced plasma volume (e.g. dehydration)
  • increased RBC production (e.g. polycythaemia rubra vera)
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14
Q

what causes a reduced RRC?

reduced concentration of RBCs

A
  • increased plasma volume (e.g. pregnancy)
  • reduced RBC production/RBC loss (e.g. bone marrow failure, bleeding anaemias)
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15
Q

what does haematocrit (HCT)/packed cell volume (PCV) indicate?

A

PERCENTAGE of the total volume of blood account for by RBCs

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16
Q

what does mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH)/haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) indicate?

A

mean QUANTITY/CONCENTRATION of haemoglobin within the RBCs

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17
Q

what does the quantity/concentration of haemoglobin within RBCs affect?

A

colour of RBCs

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18
Q

what types of anaemias are normochromic?

A
  • normocytic
  • macrocytic
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19
Q

what types of anaemias are hypochromic?

A

microcytic

except anaemia of chronic disease

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20
Q

what is anaemia?

A

reduced CONCENTATION of haemoglobin within the blood

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21
Q

name the microcytic anaemias

A

TAILS
Thalassaemia
Anaemia of chronic disease
Iron deficiency
Lead poisoning
Sideroblastic anaemia

22
Q

name the normocytic anaemias

A
  • acute blood loss
  • haemolytic anaemia
  • renal failure
23
Q

what blood finding is seen in renal failure?

A
  • normocytic
  • reduced erythropoietin
24
Q

name the macrocytic megaloblastic anaemias

A
  • B12 deficiency
  • folate deficiency
  • drug-induced
25
Q

name the macrocytic non-megaloblastic anaemias

A
  • alcohol
  • reticulocytosis
  • liver disease
26
Q

name some conditions which CAN lead to a raised MCV

A
  • pregnancy
  • hypothyroidism
  • bone marrow failure (aplastic anaemia, myelodysplasia, leukaemia, myelofibrosis)
27
Q

what is ferritin a measure of?

A

intracellular iron store

28
Q

what does iron levels indicate?

A

serum iron level

29
Q

what is transferrin?

A

main iron transport protein in the serum (upregulated when iron stores are low)

30
Q

what is total iron binding capacity a measure of?

A

indirect measurement of transferrin

31
Q

what is transferrin saturation a measure of?

A

proportion of transferrin with iron bound to it

32
Q

what is soluble transferrin receptor?

A

receptors produced by cells in order to take up transferrin-iron complexes

33
Q

what is polycythaemia?

A

increased VOLUME PERCENTAGE of RBCs within the blood

34
Q

what does relative polycythaemia mean?

A

reduced plasma volume

35
Q

name some causes of relative polycythaemia

A
  • acute dehydration
  • chronic (associated with obesity, hypertension, alcohol excess and smoking)
36
Q

what does absolute polycythaemia mean?

A

increased red blood cells

37
Q

what is primary absolute polycythaemia?

A

polycythaemia rubra vera

38
Q

what is secondary absolute polycythaemia?

A

due to:
* increased erythopoietin because of chronic hypoxia (e.g. COPD, altitude, congential cyanotic heart disease)
* erythropoietin-secreting tumours (e.g. renal cell carcinoma)

39
Q

name some causes of high lymphocytes

A
  • viral infection
  • chronic infections
  • chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
  • other leukaemia
  • lymphomas
40
Q

name some causes of low lymphocytes

A
  • viral infection
  • HIV
  • post-chemotherapy
  • bone marrow failure
  • whole body radiation
  • myelodysplastic syndrome
41
Q

name some causes of high neutrophils

A
  • bacterial infection
  • inflammation
  • necrosis
  • corticosteroids
  • malignancy/myeloproliferative disorder
  • stress
  • chronic myeloid leukaemia
42
Q

name some causes of low neutrophils

A
  • post-chemotherapy
  • drugs
  • viral infection
  • hypersplenism
  • bone marrow failure
  • immune disorders
  • autoimmune neutropenia
  • myelodysplastic syndrome
43
Q

what drugs can cause agranulocytosis?

A

4Cs
Carbamazepine
Clozapine
Colchicine
Carbimazole

44
Q

name some causes of high monocyte count

A
  • infections
  • autoimmune disease
  • leukaemias/hodgkin’s disease
  • chronic inflammation
  • chronic myeloid leukaemia
  • myeloproliferative disorders
  • malignancy
45
Q

what infections can lead to a raised monocyte count?

A
  • TB
  • malaria
  • typhoid
  • infective endocarditis
46
Q

name some causes of low monocyte count

A
  • acute infections
  • corticosteroids
  • some leukaemias
  • post-chemotherapy
47
Q

name some causes of raised eosinophils

A
  • allergic disorders
  • parasitic infections
  • drug reactions
  • connective tissue disease
  • malignancy
48
Q

name some causes of raised basophil count

A
  • some leukaemias/lymphomas
  • IgE mediated hypersentivity
  • inflammatory disorders
  • myeloproliferative disorders
  • viral infection
  • chronic myeloid leukaemia
49
Q

what is thrombocytopenia?

A

low platelet count

50
Q

what is thrombocytosis?

A

high platelet count

51
Q

what is pancytopenia?

A

low levels of RBC, WBC and platelets

clinical skills (4 decks)

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