Interpersonal: Family Flashcards
Cohort studies
Observe a sample that are either exposed or not to parental factors and wait and see who uses drugs. Longitudinal
X very small sample sizes as drug use is rare
X retention into adulthood is hard
Case control studies
Work backwards, take drug users and see who was exposed to parental factors. Compare to non users via matched pair.
X no causality.
Odds ratio
Odds of use. 1 means it doesn’t effect outcome
More than one increases odds of outcome. Less than one lowers odds of outcome.
ACEs
Identify set of traumatic conditions in childhood and relate effect to drug use. Have a greater effect at younger age. Substance abuse in the home has the greatest effect (maybe genetic).
Dube 2013
Aces most influential age 14. Strongly associated with severe outcomes like injection drugs. People with 5+ aces most likely to take drugs but most still don’t. 50% gen pop have one. 25% have two or more.
Cumulative effect
Each one increases risk by 70%. Household drug use almost doubled risk. Protective factors of education, employment and income.
Early life stress
Predictor for alcohol and drug dependence. Large proportion of children with severe early life stress don’t develop psychopathology. Indicating mediating factors are important for resilience.
ACE aware
Aces measured and used to identify families in need of intervention. Focus in preventing aces and providing support for those who experience them.
Issues with Aces
Most with aces don’t use drugs so isn’t the whole story.
May label people as damaged and cause stigma. Could lead to self fulfilling prophecy.
May risk retraumatising people
Trauma and substance use treatment
Intervention should be developmentally appropriate and trauma specific. Trauma focused therapy for sex workers with addictions. DUSSK protocol used. Decreased distress from PTSD, increased self esteem, aim to lower the need to self medicate.
Peer influences
Er et al
String link to Peer use. Differed with type of drug and type of peer. Substantial effect regardless though. 1300 Ps shared ethics, peer pressure, accessibility, modeling, fomo, norms, shared goals, attitudes.
Peer led interventions
Delivered by peers informally and formally. Used diffusional methods, info transfers via normal communication. Young people learn from each other, act as positive role models. Shared cultural background, evidence that they decrease drug use but only for tobacco alcohol and weed. Odds ration of less than one.
Do et al
Genes impact is changed based on environment, if never exposed to tobacco don’t have a chance to impact initiation. Treatments must focus on both. Genetic effect is highest in adolescence. Motivation to smoke is environmental and is impacted by socioeconomic background. Religion is inversely related to smoking even if private so not social aspect.
