Interoduction To antibiotca

Question 1

Explain , DF of chemotherapy, ,Classification of Antimicrobial drugs , structure of Bacterial cell

Answer 1

-Chemotherapy: its killing of living cells including: bacteria, virus , fungi , Cancer cells .
—Classification of Antimicrobial drugs :
1-According to source
1.1 natural compounds :penicillin
1.2 synthetic compounds : sulphonamide
1.3 semi-Synthetic: ampicillin
2-according to effect of organism
2.1 Bactriacidal
2.2 Bacteriostatic
3-According to mechanism of action:
3.1 Inhibitions of cell wall synthesis
3.2 inhibitions of protein synthesis
3.3 DNA-RNA inhibitions synthesis
3.4 inhibitions of bacterial metabolism
—Bacteria cell structure:
1-has no nucleus member
2-has cell membrane
3-Cell wall made of peptidoglycan only in the Gram + , in gram - its very thick but it has Outer membrane which its the first line of protection and has pores for nutrients
4-Proteins synthesis : consisting of 2
-30s subunit
-50s subunit

Question 2

Explain the Bacterial resistance

Answer 2

• its belong to genetics and there is 2 types :
  1-Innate : ex TB , pusdomons
  2-Acquired :
  2-1 horizontal pathway : but transferred DNA from resistant becteria to another, to become also resistant
  2-2 modified:
• modified with time Ex B-lactamese enzyme
• in gram -) the antibiotic enters through pores in shape of nutrients with time the antibiotic develops resistance
  -in metabolic effect drugs such as folic acid the bacteria switch to alternative pathway of synthetic folic acid
  -50/30s they modify and change the receptor

Question 3

Clinical approach to Antimicrobial prescription

Answer 3

— the 5 rights :
1- The right patient
2-the right drug
3-The right Dose
4- the right ROA
5-the right duration

Question 4

Explain the Right patient Clinical approach

Answer 4

• the patient should have infection and to be sure we need to confirm it by :
  1-Fever : its the hall mark of bacterial infection, Above 37.2 except immune compromised ex neutropenia
  2-CBC test :
  -WBC : Norm 5k-10 k
  2.1 Nutruphils : responsible for Bacteria, Norm 60-70% above this uts bacterial infection
  2.2 Lymphocytes: Responsible for TB/Virus , Norm 30% above it , Virus /TB infection
  2.3 Epsnphils : responsible for Allergic Reaction/ parasites , Norm 4-10% above it will be Parasite infection/allergic reaction
  2.4 Basophils responsible of tumers /blood cancer , norm not more then 1% if its more thats will be : luekemia , lymphoma
  3- Specific Tests

Question 5

Explain The right Drug