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ELEC1406 - Communications for robotics > Internet archetecture > Flashcards

Internet archetecture Flashcards

1
Q

What is the internet?

A

Billions of interconnected devices spread throughout the world

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2
Q

What is a source?

A

A device that wants to send data

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3
Q

What is a device that receives data called?

A

A destination

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4
Q

What do we call a link from source to destination?

A

Uplink / Upstream

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5
Q

What doe we call a link from destination to source?

A

Downlink / Downstream

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6
Q

What is the purpose of intermediate devices?

A

Direct packets of data to different destinations

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7
Q

What is network media?

A

Connections

The medium of communication

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8
Q

What is transmission latency?

A

Delay between transmission and reception on a communication link

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9
Q

What is link throughput?

A

The number of bits per second

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10
Q

What is an ISP?

A

Internetwork service provider

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11
Q

What is the structure of communication conversations called?

A

Protocols

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12
Q

What does OSI stand for and what is it?

A

The open session interconnection model.

This is the layered architecture of packets

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13
Q

What is Level 7?

A

Application layer
> This is where the data is being created on a computer
> The data is being formatted and saved into a file

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14
Q

What is Level 6?

A 
Presentation layer
> Preparing the data for being transported by:
 - formatting the data
 - Compressing
 - Encoding
 - Encrypt/decrypting data
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15
Q

What is Level 5?

A

Session layer

> This is establishing and terminating connections between devices

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16
Q

What is Level 4?

A

Transport layer
> Sending data
> Deciding the type of data transfer TCP/UDP
> Deciding the protocol for the communication between computers

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17
Q

What is Level 3?

A

Network layer
> Adding addresses for data transfer (IP address)
> Structure of the network with logical addressing
> Managing packet priority and scheduling

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18
Q

What is Level 2?

A

Link layer
> Addressing the source and destination (MAC address). This is addressing for the unique connection between two single devices not address for the whole network.
> The overall movement of data around the network
> Wire/cable or wireless

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19
Q

What is Level 1?

A

Physical layer
> Its role is to carry data from location to location
> The actual physical transfer of data through a medium (e.g. wires, optical-fibres)
> How is the data sent (voltage levels, waveforms)

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20
Q

How does OSI work for hosts?

A

A device that is sending data passes the data through each layer from Level 7 - Level 1.
A device that is receiving data passes the data through each layer from Level 1 - Level 7.
Each layer only interacts with its layer.

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21
Q

How does OSI work for routers?

A

When receiving data it passes it through Level 1 - Level 3.
When sending data it passes data through Level 3 - Level 1.
It needs to access Level 3 to see the IP address and determine where to send data

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22
Q

What is the difference between TCPIP and OSI?

A

TCPIP has just 4 layers and those layers together contain all the OSI layers.
Another form of Network layering achetecture

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23
Q

What are the 4 layers in TCPIP?

A

L1 - Network Access layer
L2 - Internet layer
L3 - Transport layer
L4 - Application layer

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24
Q

What is TCPIP L1?

A

Network access layer
Contains the:
> Physical layer
> Link layer

25
Q

What is TCPIP L2?

A

Internet layer
Contains the:
> Network layer

26
Q

What is TCPIP L3?

A

Transport layer
Contains the:
> Transport layer

27
Q

What is TCPIP L4?

A 
TCPIP Application layer
Contains the:
> Application layer
> Presentation layer
> Session layer
28
Q

What is the difference between CPS and an embedded system?

A

A CPS is designed to have multiple connected embedded systems and is used to control physical things.
Embedded systems are used to monitor physical things.

29
Q

What is a LAN?

A

Local area network
> Network covering a small area
> Ethernet
> WIFI

30
Q

What is a WAN?

A

Wide area network
> Network covering a large area
> Cellular
> Fibre optical

31
Q

What is a PAN?

A

Personal area network
> Very small network
> Bluetooth
> USB

32
Q

What is a MAN?

A

Metropolitan area network

> Network spanning a large area but usually owned by a single company for company use/data transfer only

33
Q

What is a Hub?

A 
> Physical layer device
> Amplifies signals
> Retimes signals
> Copies incoming signals to outgoing ports (Relay)
> 1 collision domain
> 1 broadcast domain
34
Q

What is a Switch?

A

> Link layer device
No collision domain
1 broadcast domain

35
Q

What is a Router?

A

> Network layer device
No collision domain
No broadcast domain

36
Q

What is the collision domain?

A

This is when messages sent from devices can collide with each other and overlap.

37
Q

What is the broadcast domain?

A

This is when messages sent over a network can be received by all devices on the network

38
Q

What is a network hop count?

A

This is the number of intermediate network devices (e.g. routers) through which data must pass between source and destination

39
Q

How is Hop count used?

A

As a packet passes through an intermediate network device, a counter is decremented. When it reaches zero and hasn’t reached its destination, the packet is discarded

40
Q

Does link throughput depend on the medium the data is passing through?

A

Yes, the medium will drastically change the throughput

41
Q

How can the transmission time across a single link be calculated?

A

T = L / R

T = Time
L = Packet length
R = Rate of transmission
42
Q

How can transmission time across multiple links be calculated?

A

T = NL / R

T = Time
N = Number of links
L = Packet length
R = Rate of transmission across links
43
Q

What is the equation to calculate the number of routers based off the number of links?

A

Routers = N - 1

N = Number of links

44
Q

What is the equation to calculate transmission time for multiple links and multiple packets that are queued up?

A

τ = ∑ L/Ri + (M - 1)L/R1
[from i = 1 to N]

τ = Transmission time
L = Packet length
Ri = Rate of transmissions of link i
M = Number of packets
R1 = Transmission rate of link 1
45
Q

What is packet switching?

A

This is when there is no prior reservation of link resources so messages have to wait in queues to access communication link

46
Q

What is a buffer?

A

This is the memory where messages are stored before they are are transmitted. They are in a buffer queue

47
Q

What happens there is a lot of data wanting to be passed through a link?

A

The buffer can fill up and because the space is finite, the incoming packet will be dropped if the buffer is full

48
Q

What are the benefits of packet switching?

A

Data transmission can happen on multiple paths at the same time

49
Q

What are the disadvantages of packet switiching?

A

> Wasted bandwith when the source rate (of data) is lower than the link rate.
Congestion is unavoidable when there is heavy traffic

50
Q

What is circuit switching?

A

The link is reserved from source to destination for the duration of the communication session. It is reserved ahead of time.

51
Q

What are the benefits of circuit switching?

A

Guaranteed quality-of-service.

No queues

52
Q

What are the disadvantages of circuit switching?

A

> Wasted bandwith when the source rate (of data) is low.

> Single path reservation

53
Q

What is multiplexing?

A

This is sending multiple bits of data along a single wire.

54
Q

What are the 2 types of multiplexing for links?

A

> Dividing frequency

> Dividing time

55
Q

What is dividing frequency multiplexing?

A

Different channel frequencies can be used to send multiple channels of data

56
Q

What is dividing time multiplexing?

A

Sending different sources of data in slots of time one after the other

57
Q

How can the transmission rate for dividing time multiplexing be calculated from frames?

A

R = FL

R = Transmission rate
F = Frame rate
L = Number of bits in each frame
58
Q

Which is better, packet switching or circuit switching when it comes to number of users?

A

Packet switching can support 3x the number of users without breaking a sweat.

ELEC1406 - Communications for robotics (10 decks)

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