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Operating Systems > Internet and TCP/IP > Flashcards

Internet and TCP/IP Flashcards

1
Q

Is the internet a homogeneous network?

A

No,the internet is a vast collection of different networks that use a common protocol family;primarily the Internet Protocol (IP).

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2
Q

How did the internet develop into its current form?

A

The internet developed somewhat organically and was never specifically planned or designed by one individual.

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3
Q

Who manages the internet?

A

The internet is managed by several independent standardization bodies that guide its development in a decentralized manner.

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4
Q

What is the role of the Internet Society (ISOC)?

A

The Internet Society (ISOC) is responsible for maintaining and developing the infrastructure of the internet.

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5
Q

What does the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) do?

A

The IRTF promotes research relevant to the future development of internet protocols;applications;architecture;and technology.

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6
Q

How does the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) contribute to the internet?

A

The IAB accompanies the standardization activities of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the research activities of the IRTF;providing advisory support to the ISOC.

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7
Q

What is the focus of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)?

A

The IETF focuses on the technical development and standardization of the internet.

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8
Q

What role does the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) play?

A

ICANN coordinates the allocation of unique names and addresses used on the internet.

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9
Q

What is the function of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)?

A

IANA is responsible for the global allocation of IP addresses and is a division of ICANN.

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10
Q

What is a Regional Internet Registry (RIR)?

A

An RIR is an organization entrusted with the regional allocation of internet addresses.

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11
Q

How many RIRs are there worldwide and what are their roles?

A
  • There are five RIRs, each serving specific continents or regions:
    • AFRINIC serves Africa.
    • ARIN serves the USA and Canada.
    • APNIC serves the Asia-Pacific region.
    • LACNIC serves Latin America and the Caribbean.
    • RIPE NCC serves Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia.
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12
Q

What period marked the origins of the internet?

A

The origins of the internet date back to the late 1950s.

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13
Q

How did the Cold War influence the early internet?

A

During the Cold War;the U.S. Department of Defense aimed to create a meshed data network with redundancy;as a countermeasure to make it more resilient to attacks;compared to the vulnerable hierarchical networks of the time.

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14
Q

Why was a meshed network chosen over a hierarchical network?

A

A meshed network was more resilient;as the loss of a few nodes would not isolate parts of the network;unlike in a hierarchical network where removing key nodes could break the network.

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15
Q

Which organization assisted the Department of Defense with network planning?

A

The RAND Corporation;a think tank;supported the Department of Defense in planning the network.

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16
Q

What key technology did RAND Corporation recommend for this network?

A

RAND Corporation recommended packet-switching technology over the circuit-switching used in traditional telephone networks.

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17
Q

Why did AT&T decline to build a prototype of the planned network?

A

AT&T declined because it believed that a nationwide meshed network was technically unfeasible.

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18
Q

What agency took over network development support;and what is it known as today?

A

The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA);now known as the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA);supported further research into packet-switching networks.

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19
Q

What was ARPANET;and when did it begin?

A

ARPANET was the first packet-switching network;launched in 1969;connecting four universities and research institutes in California and Utah.

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20
Q

What two types of nodes formed the ARPANET?

A

ARPANET was formed by hosts (computing facilities at each site) and Interface Message Processors (IMP);which acted as routers.

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21
Q

How fast were ARPANET’s initial connection line compared to modern DSL?

A

ARPANET’s lines had a capacity of 56 kbit/s;which is about 1000 times slower than the 16–250 Mbit/s of modern DSL connections.

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22
Q

What three types of protocols were needed in ARPANET’s protocol stack?

A

The protocol stack included:IMP-to-IMP for network section communication;Host-to-IMP for message injection into the network; Host-to-host at the top of the stack

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23
Q

How quickly did ARPANET expand after its launch?

A

By July 1970;ARPANET had grown from 4 to 15 connected sites.

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24
Q

What protocol stack was developed in 1973 for improved network communication?

A

The TCP/IP protocol stack was developed for enhanced network-to-network and host-to-host communication.

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25
Q

Why did the National Science Foundation (NSF) become involved with network development?

A

The NSF recognized ARPANET’s value for scientific research but wanted a network more accessible to universities and research institutions;as ARPANET required Defense Department approval for access.

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26
Q

What was NSFNET;and who was its intended audience?

A

NSFNET was a packet-switching network created to provide access to universities;research institutions;libraries;and museums.

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27
Q

What company was formed to commercialize NSFNET;and what eventually happened to it?

A

Advanced Networks and Services (ANS) was created to promote a commercialized network;merging with NSFNET to form ANSNET;which was later sold to AOL in 1995;increasing commercialization.

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28
Q

How did other countries contribute to the global internet structure?

A

Other countries established research networks similar to ARPANET and NSFNET;connecting them through long-distance links;submarine cables;and satellites;which laid the foundation for the global internet.

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29
Q

What is the current structure of the internet and who can access it?

A

Today’s internet is highly diverse, including wide area networks, DSL, broadband cable, mobile networks, fiber-optics, and satellite systems, accessible to both private households and businesses via internet service providers.

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30
Q

Which protocols are now central to global internet communications?

A

The Internet Protocol (IP) and its related protocols;such as TCP

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31
Q

What do the terms “TCP/IP protocol stack” and “internet protocol family” refer to?

A

They refer to a group of network protocols that have emerged during the development of the internet.

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32
Q

What layer of the OSI model does the Internet Protocol (IP) belong to?

A

The Internet Protocol (IP) belongs to the third layer of the OSI model.

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33
Q

What is the primary purpose of the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)?

A

ICMP is used by network devices to exchange error messages and diagnostic or routing information.

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34
Q

Describe the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).

A

TCP is a connection-oriented transport protocol in the fourth layer of the OSI model;which guarantees reliable delivery of data streams through numbered packets and an automatic repeat request (ARQ) mechanism.

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35
Q

How does the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) differ from TCP?

A

UDP is a connectionless transport protocol that does not guarantee reliable delivery of packets;unlike TCP.

36
Q

How many layers does the TCP/IP reference model have?

A

The TCP/IP reference model has four layers.

37
Q

What is a notable difference between the TCP/IP model and the OSI model regarding protocol layers?

A

The TCP/IP model does not include protocols between the transport and application layers and disregards the physical layer.

38
Q

What is the function of the Link Layer in the TCP/IP model?

A

The Link Layer serves as the interface to the hardware

39
Q

What does the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) do?

A

ARP allows computers and network devices to inquire about the MAC address corresponding to a specific IP address via a broadcast.

40
Q

What protocol has replaced ARP in modern networks using IPv6?

A

The Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) has replaced ARP in IPv6 networks.

41
Q

What are the two versions of the Internet Protocol currently in use?

A

The two versions are IPv4 (the older version) and IPv6 (the newer version).

42
Q

What is the primary commonality between IPv4 and IPv6?

A

Both are packet-switching protocols used for routing data packets across networks.

43
Q

How is an IPv4 address formatted?

A

An IPv4 address consists of four bytes;typically written in decimal notation and separated by dots (e.g.

44
Q

What does a subnet mask indicate in an IPv4 address?

A

The subnet mask specifies the number of bits that make up the network element of the IP address.

45
Q

How many theoretically possible IPv4 addresses are there?

A

There are approximately 4.3 billion possible IPv4 addresses.

46
Q

How does IPv6 expand the number of available addresses?

A

IPv6 uses 128 bits for addresses;resulting in an enormous quantity of possible addresses (approximately 4.3 million to the power of four).

47
Q

What is the significance of Network Address Translation (NAT)?

A

NAT allows multiple devices on a local network to share a single public IP address;making it possible for devices to access the internet without needing their own unique addresses.

48
Q

What is contained in the message header of an IPv4 packet?

A

The header includes fields such as version

49
Q

What happens when an IPv4 packet is sent to a device within the local network?

A

The sender queries the MAC address of the receiver using ARP and delivers the packet directly.

50
Q

How does the TCP session establishment process work?

A

TCP uses a three-way handshake: the client sends a SYN packet;the server responds with a SYN-ACK packet;and the client sends an ACK packet to establish the connection.

51
Q

How does TCP ensure reliable data transmission?

A

TCP uses sequence numbers

52
Q

What is the purpose of well-known ports in TCP and UDP?

A

Well-known ports allow clients to connect to specific services on servers (e.g;HTTP typically uses port 80;while SMTP uses port 25).

53
Q

What is the primary function of the User Datagram Protocol (UDP)?

A

UDP delivers individual packets (datagrams) without establishing a connection and does not guarantee reliable delivery.

54
Q

What are the four higher-layer protocols discussed in the TCP/IP family?

A

The four higher-layer protocols are Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP);Domain Name System (DNS);Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP);and Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP).

55
Q

Which two protocols primarily operate in the background?

A

The two protocols that primarily operate in the background are DHCP and DNS.

56
Q

What are the primary functions of DHCP?

A

DHCP provides automated support for IP address assignment and can send other configuration parameters;such as subnet masks and router IP addresses.

57
Q

How does a DHCP client find out its assigned IP address?

A

A DHCP client sends a broadcast request (DHCPDISCOVER) to the DHCP server;which then responds with available IP addresses (DHCPOFFER). The client selects one and uses it.

58
Q

What are the three methods of IP address assignment by a DHCP server?

A

The three methods are static assignment;dynamic assignment;and automatic assignment.

59
Q

What role does the Domain Name System (DNS) serve?

A

DNS serves as a worldwide directory for resolving domain and host names into IP addresses for publicly accessible internet services.

60
Q

What is a fully qualified domain name (FQDN)?

A

An FQDN is a unique name within the DNS hierarchy that consists of a hostname and a domain name;structured in a hierarchical manner with dots separating each component.

61
Q

How does a computer resolve an FQDN to an IP address?

A

The computer checks its local DNS cache first; if not found;it queries a local name server;which may refer to higher-level DNS servers until the IP address is resolved.

62
Q

What is the purpose of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)?

A

HTTP enables web browsers to retrieve HTML pages from web servers by sending HTTP requests and receiving responses.

63
Q

Describe the structure of a URL

A

A URL typically consists of the protocol;user;password;host;port;path;query parameters;and fragment.

64
Q

What are the two types of HTTP requests mentioned and what are their purposes?

A

The two types are GET, which retrieves resources, and POST, which submits data to modify server resources.

65
Q

What are some common HTTP status codes and their meanings?

A

200 OK: The request was successful;403 Forbidden: Access denied due to authorization issues;404 Not Found: The requested resource could not be found;500 Internal Server Error: An unexpected condition occurred on the server.

66
Q

What is the function of Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)?

A

SMTP is used to send and forward emails in computer networks.

67
Q

What other protocols are commonly used for receiving emails?

A

The commonly used protocols for receiving emails are Post Office Protocol Version 3 (POP3) and Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP).

68
Q

What are the key aspects of security in information technology?

A

Key aspects include confidentiality;integrity;and availability of data.

69
Q

How does TCP ensure reliability in communication?

A

TCP ensures reliability by retransmitting corrupted or lost packets.

70
Q

What is the role of Transport Layer Security (TLS) in internet communication?

A

TLS provides encryption to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of transmitted data over TCP connections.

71
Q

What is the difference between TLS and IPSec in terms of encryption?

A

TLS operates at the application layer (or upper transport layer in TCP/IP) and encrypts data in transit;while IPSec operates at the internet layer and provides encryption directly for IP packets.

72
Q

Why is end-to-end encryption necessary in email communication?

A

End-to-end encryption ensures that emails remain confidential and secure throughout their transmission;protecting against unauthorized access and manipulation.

73
Q

What are S/MIME and PGP used for?

A

S/MIME and PGP are used for providing effective end-to-end encryption and authentication in email communication.

74
Q

What does TCP/IP refer to?

A

TCP/IP refers to a reference model;standard protocols for internet traffic;and a family of complementary network protocols.

75
Q

How many layers are in the TCP/IP model?

A

The TCP/IP model comprises four distinct layers.

76
Q

How does the TCP/IP model compare to the OSI model?

A

The TCP/IP model somewhat mirrors the OSI model but is notably less detailed.

77
Q

What are the two main standard protocols in the TCP/IP model?

A

The two main standard protocols are TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and IP (Internet Protocol).

78
Q

What role do ARP and NDP play in the TCP/IP model?

A

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) and NDP (Neighbor Discovery Protocol) are link layer protocols that map IP addresses to hardware addresses.

79
Q

What protocol complements the IP protocol within the internet layer?

A

The ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) complements the IP protocol by exchanging routing and diagnostic data.

80
Q

What are the transport layer protocols in the TCP/IP model?

A

The transport layer includes TCP (reliable transport protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol);which is unreliable.

81
Q

What types of services do the application layer protocols provide?

A

Application layer protocols provide services such as DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol);DNS (Domain Name System);HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

82
Q

What is the purpose of DHCP and DNS in the application layer?

A

DHCP provides IP address assignment

83
Q

Why do applications that transfer sensitive data require additional security?

A

They require additional security to protect confidentiality and integrity.

84
Q

What is the function of encryption protocols like TLS in the TCP/IP model?

A

TLS (Transport Layer Security) enhances communications security by providing encryption;operating between the transport and application layers.

85
Q

What is the distinction between TCP and UDP?

A

TCP is a reliable transport protocol that ensures data delivery;while UDP is a simpler and less reliable protocol that does not guarantee delivery.

Operating Systems (6 decks)

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