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International Wine Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the name of the Phocaeans city in France?

A

Marseilles / Massilia

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2
Q
  1. What vessels did the Greek use to transport wine across seas?
A

Amphoras

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3
Q
  1. Which is the Spanish vineyard created by the Greeks?
A

The area of Catalunya except Priorat

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4
Q
  1. After the fall of the Roman Empire, how would you briefly describe Greece’s wine role in Europe?
A

After the fall of the Roman Empire, Greece fell under Byzantine and then Ottoman sovereignty. Greece became one of the key suppliers of sweet wines made with Malvasia in Europe. Those wines went through Venice.

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5
Q
  1. What is Retsina
A

Retsina, an aromatized wine flavored with Aleppo pine resin and is still the only reference point for the country’s vinous products and has been for 2000 years. Historically, wine was transported through ancient Greece in amphoras, often sealed with pine resin to prevent spoilage, and over time the resultant flavor became an acquired taste. Today, Retsina is mainly produced as a white wine, from Savatiano grapes, and flavored with the addition of pine resin during the fermentation. The Roditis grape variety is also used. Retsina is a Traditional Appellation protected by the EU under the name “Appellation Traditionnelle Retsina”, and is rarely encountered outside of Greece.

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6
Q
  1. Give the name of one white and one black Greek indigenous grapes
A

White / Blanc : Assyrtiko, Malagousia Red / Rouge : Xinomavro, Agiorgitiko

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7
Q
  1. State 1 famous agricultural produce that originates from the Peloponnese
A

Kalamata Olives

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8
Q
  1. Where in Greece is Assyrtiko mostly grown
A

Santorini Island

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9
Q
  1. At first, did the Roman enjoy wine? Justify your answer
A

The first Romans had contempt for wine drinkers, they said they were debauched. Rather, they advocated milk, a healthier drink in their eyes for a soldier people. Once they conquered Enotria, the Romans were in turn definitively seduced by wine and its pleasures. Wine is now the daily drink of the Romans, who now grow vines throughout Italy. This taste for wine will even push them to take over the mother house of Enotria.

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10
Q
  1. Under Roman era, where were the most-appreciated wines produced
A

Many of the wines from the Roman era were mainly sweet or white. On the one hand, we had the production of vintage wines, on the other, a more local and less renowned mass production. Three great vintages stand out from the crowd: Falerne, Cécube, Albanum produced in the Campania region. Their production is concentrated between Rome and Pompeii, a region where most of Roman high society is found.

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11
Q
  1. Explain why, starting in the Renaissance era, Italians started to produce sweet wines.
A

For Venice, the fall of Constantinople is a serious blow. On the other hand, Italian viticulture will finally be able to start. First, to make up for the lack of Greek wines, Venice will develop the vineyards of its hinterland around Verona and Padua. In the regions of Bardolino, Soave and Valpolicella, vineyards were planted in order to produce sweet and full-body wines which could replace Greek wines. To obtain such wines, the technique developed was to dry the grapes in the sun. Famous wines would be created which today are called Recioto della Valpolicella, Amarone della Valpolicella and Recioto di Soave.

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12
Q
  1. How did Louis Oudart contribute to Italian wine industry?
A

Louis Oudart, Mathematician and oenologist in Champagne revolutionized between 1832 and 1849 the local viticulture, he imposed the culture on stakes (spani). He introduced new winemaking techniques and, above all, made Nebbiolo the king grape variety of Barolo. Louis Oudart is also responsible for making Barolo a dry wine.

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13
Q
  1. Traditionally speaking, what is a “fiasco”?
A

When the phylloxera crisis finally subsided in France, Italian production found a new outlet, the Italians of the diaspora. It is that the wine industry which developed at great speed will not bring prosperity to all, especially in the south of the country. Also, throughout the first half of the 20th century, Italy’s primary export was not wine, but Italians. Poverty, also the victory of the fascists in 1922, drove millions of poor people into exile. These Italians from America and several European countries would become the first customers of the (bad) Italian wine for export. The famous “fiasco”, the bottle dressed in straw, is no stranger to this success.

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14
Q
  1. What are the Italian levels of appellation as per the latest law
A
  • Vino di Tavola - I.G.T, “Indicazione Geografica Tipica” - D.O.C, “Denominazione di Origine Controllata” - D.O.C.G., “Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita”
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15
Q
  1. Name three DOCG
A

Brunello di Montalcino (Tuscany) Vino Nobile di Montepulciano (Tuscany) Chianti (Tuscany) Barolo (Piedmont) Barbaresco (Piedmont)

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16
Q
  1. Which is Italy’s leading wine region in volume?
A

Prosecco DOC

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17
Q
  1. Name three Piemont grapes
A

Nebbiolo, Dolcetto, Barbera, Brachetto, Cortese, Moscato

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18
Q
  1. What style of wine is Brachetto d’Acqui?
A

Brachetto is a red grape from the provinces of Asti and Alessandria in south-eastern Piedmont. It is used in the composition of semi-sweet sparkling rosé wines from the DOCG Brachetto d’Acqui appellation.

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19
Q
  1. Which is the common grape in Barolo and Barbaresco?
A

Nebbiolo

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20
Q
  1. What is the sparkling wine method used in Franciacorta
A

Methodo Classico / Tradionnal Methode / Methode traditionnelle

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21
Q
  1. What is the closest, well-known city to Valpolicella
A

Verona / Verone

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22
Q
  1. What is the difference between a Ripasso and a Reciotto wine?
A

To make Recioto, winemakers pick ripe grapes from vines and let them dry on mats or hanging from rafters throughout the month of January, then vinifying these shriveled grapes and stopping fermentation before all sugars convert to alcohol. These sweet dessert wines have good acidity and a toothsome mouthfeel Made by fermenting standard Valpolicella with a pomace of grape skins left over from Recioto and Amarone, Ripasso is double-processed, and its name means “re-pass.” These soft, supple, medium-bodied wines combine the sour cherry notes of standard Valpolicella and the soft, bitter, slightly raisined notes of Amarone and Recioto.

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23
Q
  1. What is the main red grape grown in Abruzzo
A

Montepulciano

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24
Q
  1. What is the white wine DOCG of Tuscany?
A

Vernaccia di San Gimignano

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25
Q
  1. Which is the Tuscany DOCG that does not blend Sangiovese?
A

Brunello di Montalcino

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26
Q
  1. Which Super-Tuscan wine has its own appellation
A

Bolgheri DOC / Bolgheri Sassicaia DOC

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27
Q
  1. What is the winemaking technique used to produce Vin Santo?
A

Grapes must be dried on or off the vine (Appassimento) to achieve a minimum sugar level of 270 g/l. According to the production rules, white Vin Santo must contain at least 70% of Trebbiano Toscano and / or Malvasia Bianca Lunga, red Vin Santo at least 50% of Sangiovese. Straw wines (vin de paille in French and strohwein in German) are so named because they are traditionally made from grapes left to dry out on straw mats after harvest for 3 to 6 months. The mats are placed in the warmest, driest part of the home (or winery) so the grapes gradually desiccate over the winter. This process concentrates the grapes’ natural sugars as they usually lose around 60 percent of their original volume.

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28
Q

DOC/DOCG

Region

Main Grape

Colour

Soave

Trebbiano d’Abbruzo

Cerasuolo di Vitoria

Campania

Aglianico

Red

Glera

Montepulciano

Vino Nobile di Montepulciano

Puglia

Red

Veneto

Red

Etna

Red

Marsala

A

DOC/DOCG

Region

Main Grape

Colour

Soave

Veneto / Venetie

Garganega

White

Trebbiano d’Abruzzo

Abbruzo

Trebbiano d’Abbruzo

White

Cerasuolo di Vitoria

Sicily

Nero d’Avolo / Frappato

Red

Taurasi

Campania

Aglianico

Red

Prosecco

Veneto

Glera

White

Montepulciano d’Abruzzo

Abruzzo

Montepulciano

Red

Vino Nobile di Montepulciano

Tuscany

Sangiovese

Red

Primitivo di Manduria

Puglia

Primitivo

Red

Valpolicella

Veneto

Corvina

Red

Etna

Sicily

Nerelo Capuccio / Nerelo Mascalese

Red

Marsala

Sicily

Grillo, Cataratto, Inzolia

White

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29
Q

DO

Region

Main grape variety

Bierzo

Rias Baixas

Toro

Rioja

Rueda

Montilla-Moriles

Mentrida

A

DO

Region

Main grape variety

Bierzo

Castilla Y Leon

Mencia

Rias Baixas

Galicia

Albarino

Toro

Castilla Y Leon

Tina de Toro

Rioja

La Rioja

Tempranillo

Rueda

Castilla Y Leon

Verdejo

Montilla-Moriles

Andalucia

Pedro Ximenez

Mentrida

Castilla La Mancha

Garnacha

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30
Q

Producer / Wine

DO / DOCa

Miguel Torres

Castillo Ygay

Commado G

Veronica Ortega

Vega Sicilia ‘Unico’

Clos Mogador

Toro Albala PX

A

Producer / Wine

DO / DOCa

Miguel Torres

Penedes

Castillo Ygay

Rioja

Commado G

Mentrida

Veronica Ortega

Bierzo

Vega Sicilia ‘Unico’

Ribera del Duero

Clos Mogador

Priorat

Toro Albala PX

Montilla Moriles

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31
Q

Grape

Color

DO / DOCa

Mencia

Godello

Monastrell

Verdejo

Airèn

Xa’rello

Tina da Toro

A

Grape

Color

DO / DOCa

Mencia

Red

Bierzo

Godello

White

Ribeira Sacra

Monastrell

Red

Penedes

Verdejo

White

Valdeorras

Airèn

White

Castilla la Mancha

Xa’rello

White

Penedes

Tina da Toro

Red

Toro

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32
Q

DOs

Climate

Toro

Penedès

Priorat

Jerez

Mentrida

Ribeira Sacra

A

DOs

Climate

Toro

Continental

Penedès

Mediterranean

Priorat

Continental

Jerez

Oceanic

Mentrida

Continental

Ribeira Sacra

Oceanic

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33
Q

Grape

Synonym

Mazuelo

Viura

Godello

Garnacha Tintorera

Monastrell

A

Grape

Synonym

Mazuelo

Carignan

Viura

Macabeo

Godello

Verdejo

Garnacha Tintorera

Alicante Bouschet

Monastrell

Mourvedre

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34
Q

Wine of Jerez

Made with Flor

Made partially with Flor

Made without Flor

Manzanilla

Amontillado

Palo Cortado

Oloroso

Pedro Ximenez

A

Wine of Jerez

Made with Flor

Made partially with Flor

Made without Flor

Manzanilla

Yes

No

No

Amontillado

Yes

No

No

Palo Cortado

No

Yes

No

Oloroso

No

No

Yes

Pedro Ximenez

No

No

Yes

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35
Q

What is the definition of “Reserva Especial”?

A

Traditionally, in Spain, the rare wineries that could bottle their wine produced two types of wine for each harvest: that of the current year and another wine without a specific vintage, which was called “Reserva Especial”. It was a blend of wines from the best vintages from which emerged the most representative wine from the cellar.

36
Q

What are the 3 main grapes used for Cava

A
  • Macabeo
  • Parellada
  • Xa’ Rello
37
Q

Please name the levels of appellation in Spain as per the most recent law.

A

Vino de Mesa

Vinos de la Tierra

Denominacion de origen

Denominacion de origen Calificado

Vino de Pago

38
Q

Please name the subregions of the Rioja DOCa

A
  • Rioja Alavesa
  • Rioja Alta
  • Rioja Baja (Oriental)
39
Q

When and where did phylloxera first hit Spain?

A

La Rioja in 1901

40
Q

One of the DOs of Spain was created much later than others by Chartreuse Monks. Which is it?

A

Priorat in 1163

41
Q

Which region is Santiago de Compostela located in

A

Galicia

42
Q

Give 3 synonyms for Tempranillo

A
  • Tinto Fino
  • Tina de Toro
  • Ull de Llebre
43
Q

Please name 4 countries where the Spanish Conquistadors planted vines during the Spanish exploration.

A
  • Haiti
  • Mexico
  • USA
  • Peru, Chile, Argentila, Paraguay, Uruguay
44
Q

Please explain the new classification the Rioja DOCa is implementing.

A

Vinos de Zona: one of the three sub-zones

Vino Municipio: the name of a village (In Rioja, there are 145 municipalities, 77 in Rioja Alta, 50 in Rioja Oriental, and 18 in Rioja Alavesa)

Vinedo Singular: Single-vineyard sites

45
Q

Which are the different styles of Cava wines

A
  • Cava
  • Reserva Cava
  • Gran Reserva
  • Cava Paraje Calificado
46
Q

What is the main grape variety in the Jerez?

A
  • Palomino
47
Q

What are the similarities and the differences between a Jerez Fino and a Manzanilla?

A

Same region, same grape, same fortification, same Flor, No Solera for both Manzanilla is produced within Jerez next to Sanlucar de Barramedo.

48
Q

DOPS

Region

Main grape(s)

Main wine color

Muscat of Alexandria

Minho

Douro

Sercial

Porto

Dao

Red

A

DOPS

Region

Main grape(s)

Main wine color

Moscatel de Setubal

Lisbon

Muscat of Alexandria

white

Vinho Verde

Minho

Loureiro / Alvarinho

White

Douro

Douro

Touriga Nacional

Red

Madeira

Island of Madeira

Sercial

White

Porto

Douro

Touriga Nacional

Red

Dao

Dao

Jaen

Red

49
Q

What does Colheita mean?

A

Vintage / Millesime

50
Q

Which are the red grapes used on Madeira Island under the Madeira DOP?

A

Tinta Negra Mole and Bastardo

51
Q

Please give the name of one famous Portuguese sailor

A
  • Vasco de Gama
52
Q

When did Portugal became independant?

A
  • 1143
53
Q

When was Madeira discovered by Portugese sailors?

A
  • 1419
54
Q

What are the three names of the Portugese appellation system

A
  • Vinhos de Mesa
  • IGP
  • DOC / DOP
55
Q

What does “canteiro” mean and where is it used?

A

It is the process that allows to age wine under specific heat conditions on the island of Madeira

56
Q

What is a “largar” and where is it used?

A

A Lagar is a large traditional Portugal vessel made of granite or stainless steel used specifically in the Douro región, used to make Port wines.

57
Q

Please give three common grapes used in the Douro región.

  • Touriga Franca
  • Touriga Nacional
  • Tinta Roriz
A
  • Touriga Franca
  • Touriga Nacional
  • Tinta Roriz
58
Q

In your own words, why did the Portuguese and the British develop a relationship and how did it develop over the years?

A

Portuguese needed allies to fight the Moors and the Spanish>

British needed wine as they couldn’t make any themselves and fought France, their main wine supplier.

Both countries signed trade deals (treaty of Windsor, Treaty of Westminster and Methuen) that would greatly expand Portuguese viticulture but would also allow overtime British merchants to settle on Portuguese territory.

59
Q

Please give similarities and differences between a Vintage Port and Colheita Port?

A

Both Vintage Ports and Colheita Ports are made with one harvest worth of fruit.

Vintage Ports have to be declared and if granted, then bottled within 2 and a half years of harvest.

Colheita Ports do not need to be declared and go through an oxidative aging in barrels.

60
Q

Which is the leading producing región of Portugal in terms of volume?

A

Douro

61
Q

At the indicated date, who was/is Portugese’s wine favored export market?

  • 1717
  • 2020
A
  • 1717: England
  • 2020: France
62
Q

Please give one synonym of Tempranillo when grown in Portugal.

A
  • Aragonese
  • Tinta Roriz
63
Q

What is “Mateus”? Who created it and when?

A

Mateus is one of Portugal’s flagship brands created by the Van Zeller family after WWII.

64
Q

Wine

Dry or sweet

Body

Tannins

Vinho Verde Quinta Do Ameal “Loureiro” 2018

Warre’s Vintage Port 2016

Ramos Pinto Tawny Port 30 years old

HM Borges Madeira Sercial 10 years old

Justino’s Masdeira Malmsey 10 years old

A

Wine

Dry or sweet

Body

Tannins

Vinho Verde Quinta Do Ameal “Loureiro” 2018

Dry

Light

Absent

Warre’s Vintage Port 2016

Sweet

Full

High

Ramos Pinto Tawny Port 30 years old

Sweet

Medium

Very low

HM Borges Madeira Sercial 10 years old

dry

light

Absent

Justino’s Masdeira Malmsey 10 years old

sweet

full

Absent

65
Q
A
66
Q

Define Vin Santo

A

Vin Santo (“holy wine”) is the name given to straw wines traditionally made in Tuscany

67
Q

Super Tuscan :

A

This useful but unofficial term appeared in the 1970s to describe a set of high-quality Tuscan wines that were not allowed to claim DOC or DOCG status because they violated traditional Italian vinification standards (grape varieties foreigners were used and the wines were often matured in small new barrels).

68
Q

DOCG :

A

The DOCG designation was created in 1980 in response to criticisms that there were too many DOCs and their quality was variable. DOCG wines, on the other hand, had to be really the best of what Italian wines could offer.

The first DOCG wines were Barolo, Barbaresco, Brunello di Montalcino and Vino Nobile di Montepulciano. There are now 75 DOCG wines in Italy, most concentrated in the regions of Piedmont, Tuscany and Veneto.

The practical difference between DOC and DOCG is a difference in quality: DOC and DOCG wines are both wines with a designation of origin, but DOCG wines have a “garantita” or additional guarantee, by the Italian government, of be wines of particularly high quality. Each DOCG labeled wine must pass a quality tasting jury, while DOC wines must simply be cultivated and produced according to the rules of the appellation.

69
Q

Spumante:

A

The spumante has two different production methods:

  • Metodo classico or champenoise, with second fermentation into the bottle
  • Martinotti method or Charmat, with second fermentation in autoclave
70
Q

How is Amarone made ?

A

To make Recioto, the winemakers pick ripe grapes and leave them to dry on mats or hung on rafters until January, then vinify these grapes and stop fermentation before all the sugars turn into alcohol. Amarone, whose name translates to “very bitter”, is made by allowing these same raisins to ferment until the end.

71
Q
A
72
Q
A
73
Q

What is the method used to make Prosecco? Please give details and when this method was invented?

A

Prosecco is produced using the Charmat method (also known as “Charmat-Martinotti”), a process developed in 1895 by the Italian Federico Martinotti and improved a decade later by the Frenchman Eugène Charmat.

74
Q

Please give three DOC/DOCG in Italy that specialise in sweet wines.

A
  • Reccioto delle Valpoliccella
  • Moscato d’Asti
  • Vin Santo
75
Q

What is the only DOCG of Puglia?

A

Primitivo di Manduria Dolce Naturale

76
Q

Where are the highest vineyards in Italy?

A

Etna

77
Q

What are the different levels of appellations in Italy?

A

Vino di Tavola

IGT

DOC

DOCG

78
Q

What did the Greeks call Sicily?

A
79
Q

What is Venise’s nickname? What was its role in Italy’s wine industry in the middle-age?

A

La Serenissima

The Republic of Venice based its wealth on its links with Constantinople. She has access to the wines of Cyprus and those of Crete, then known as Candie. These islands are the main sources of Malvasia, the most expensive wine at the time. Venice has a monopoly on this trade. His galleys travel to Flanders and England to dispose of their precious cargo.

80
Q

Which was the first super-tuscan?

A

Tignanello in 1971

81
Q

What was the role of Cosimo III de Medici in Chianti?

A

Cosimo III de Medici promulgates an edict officially delimiting the production area of ​​Chianti. This document is the first to define a wine production area.

82
Q

Who was Louis Oudart? What was his role his Italy and where?

A

Louis Oudart, Champenois oenologist and mathematician, revolutionized between 1832 and 1849 the local viticulture, he imposed the culture on stakes (spani). He introduced new winemaking techniques and, above all, made Nebbiolo the king grape variety of Barolo. Louis Oudart is also responsible for the fact that Barolo is today a dry wine.

83
Q

Which was the first DOC in Italy

A
  • Vernaccia di San Gimignano
84
Q

Which is the leading wine making region in Italy in terms of volume?

A
  • Veneto / Prosecco DOC
85
Q

Which is the leading grape in Italy in terms of planted area?

A

Sangiovese

86
Q
A

Practice wine tests (4 decks)

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