International Terrorism

Question 1

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CAUSES OF TERRORISM: PEER PRESSURE

Answer 1

• terrorist groups try to imitate family-like roles to entice people to abandon their loved ones and join - may feel pressure if friends are.
• EG. 2015, three teenage girls including Shamima Begum fled London to join ISIS.

Question 2

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CAUSES OF TERRORISM: RELIGIOUS BELIEFS

Answer 2

• religious terrorists may use terrorism to punish acts they see as ‘ungodly’ or to avenge what they perceive as attacks on their religion.
• Manchester Arena Bomber’s sister said he committed the attack because he saw young Muslims being killed by the West.

Question 3

SOCIO ECONOMIC CAUSES OF TERRORISM: POVERTY

Answer 3

• makes people more susceptible to recruitment as they are desperate and have very few opportunities - mad about differences between them and West.
• EG. in Somalia, most of the current generation have grown up in conflict and deprivation, so they are more likely to join local terrorist groups.

Question 4

POLITICAL CAUSES OF TERRORISM: DICTATORSHIPS AND HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS

Answer 4

• dictatorship governments are not fair and there are n elections, so certain people/parties remain in power - citizens use terrorism to change this.
• EG. civil war in Syria, with civilians fighting back against the government.

Question 5

POLITICAL CAUSES OF TERRORISM: RETALIATION FOR WESTERN POLICY

Answer 5

• retaliation is when someone causes harm because something they care about has been attacked - many feel they have to take revenge for unjust attacks against groups in society.
• EG. Manchester Arena Bomber’s sister

Question 6

POLITICAL CAUSES OF TERRORISM: THE FAR RIGHT

Answer 6

• terrorism motivated by a variety of far-right ideologies, such as xenophobia, racism, anti-communism, neo-Nazism. etc.
• EG. in 2018, 13 pipe bombs were sent to opponents of Donald Trump, including Obama and Hilary Clinton.

Question 7

IMPACT OF TERRORISM ON PEOPLE: ISLAMOPHOBIA

Answer 7

• since many terror attacks are performed by Muslims, terrorism often causes a rise in islamophobia - blame all muslims for the actions of few.
• EG. in the month after the MAB islamophobic attacks soared by more than 500%

Question 8

IMPACTS OF TERRORISM ON PEOPLE: PHYSICAL IMPACTS

Answer 8

• puts innocent people in danger, can include broken bones, disability, loss of limbs. etc. can also be visceral symptoms like breathing/heart problems.- - EG. in 2013, there was a bombing at the Boston Marathon and 17 people lost limbs.

Question 9

IMPACTS OF TERRORISM ON PEOPLE: FEAR

Answer 9

• survivors of terrorist attacks may experience anxiety/terror as they will be scared something like that will happen again, even causing them to flee their country.
• EG. many people fled Afghanistan in 2021 after the Taliban took control of the country, specifically anyone that had worked for the British army.

Question 10

SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TERRORISM ON COUTRIES: LACK OF EDUCATION

Answer 10

• some terrorist groups such as Boko Haram have attacked education institutions, causing many children to fear attending school - long-term impact on workforce.
• EG. in nigeria, around 10 million young people are not in school, mostly girls.

Question 11

SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TERRORISM ON COUNTRIES: TOURSIM

Answer 11

• after a terrorist attack, people around the world will be hesitant to travel to certain countries due to fear - impacts local industries.
• EG. French Gov estimated they lost around 2 billion euros after the terrorist attacks in 2015

Question 12

SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TERRORIM ON COUNTRIES: SECURITY

Answer 12

• after 9/11, countries and airports around the world increased their security, including things like bag checks and body scans which are very expensive.
• EG. in 2021, the UK counter-terrorism budget was £914 million

Question 13

SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TERRORISM ON COUNTRIES: POVERTY

Answer 13

• in countries where terrorism is common, govs spend money on countering these attacks instead of other parts of their country, causing poverty.
• EG. nigeria is ranked 7 on the Global Terrorism Index and also has 61% of people in poverty

Question 14

POLITICAL IMPACT OF TERRORISM ON COUNTRIES: REPUTATION

Answer 14

• after a terrorist attack, govs tend to retaliate, however some countries may disgaree with the chosen actions, making them lose respect.
• EG, the UK suffered a significant loss in reputation after taking part in an illegal invasion of Iraq.

Question 15

POLITICAL IMPACT OF TERRORISM ON COUNTRIES: POLITICAL FEAR

Answer 15

• after a terrorist attack, those in power may use the current fear to help them achieve policy changes, such as pressuring people to vote a certain way or agree with foreign policy issues.
• EG. in the UK the terror level is constantly being changed, and many critics believe this is the Gov trying to ensure the population live in fear.

Question 16

SOCIO-ECONOMIC INTERNATIONAL IMPACTS OF TERRORISM: ECONOMIC COSTS

Answer 16

• terrorism can be very expensive as countries have to replace infrastructure and combat the terrorists - money taken away from other areas.
• EG. the Iraq and Afghan war has already cost the USA $2 trillion and this is expected to increase still.

Question 17

SOCIO-ECONOMIC INTERNATIONAL IMPACTS OF TERRORISM: DISCRIMINATION

Answer 17

• tensions caused by terrorist attacks around the world can cause contempt between religious groups/races and a rise in racism.
• EG. after the MAB in 2017, islamophobic attacks rose by 500% in one month.

Question 18

SOCIO-ECONOMIC INTERNATIONAL IMPACTS OF TERRORISM: REFUGEE CRISIS

Answer 18

• relationships in europe have become tense due to the massive influx of refugees as countries are arguing over how many they should each take.
• EG. the Uk ahs been criticised for not “pulling their weight” when it comes to housing refugees.

Question 19

POLITICAL INTERNATIONAL IMPACTS OF TERRORISM: STRAIN ON RELATIONSHIPS

Answer 19

• conflict and terrorism can have a major impact on the relationship between nations and the international community as a whole, creating disagreements.
• EG. in 2019, the USA removed its troops from Syria, creating a decision between themselves and the Kurds.

Question 20

POLITICAL INTERNATIONAL IMPACTS OF TERRORISM: CONTAGION

Answer 20

• large scale terrorism can cause instability in the neighbouring countries, as well as causing security issues for countries further away like the UK.
• EG, ISIS has recruited fighters from at least 60 other countries, and when they return home conflict can spread.

Question 21

UK RESPONSES TO TERRORISM: ARREST

Answer 21

• police can step in and arrest anyone expressing radical views or anyone they feel may be involved in terrorist activities, preventing them.
• EG. from March 2017 - March 2018, over 400 people were held on suspicion of terrorist activity.

Question 22

UK RESPONSES TO TERRORISM: DE-RADICALISE

Answer 22

• this programme targets people the government believes possess extreme views and are identified as ‘likely to become terrorists’.
• EG. claims to have played a major role in stopping more than 150 attempted journeys to conflicts in Iraq and Syria.

Question 23

UK RESPONSES TO TERRORISM: RECRUIT

Answer 23

• this is when the UK Gov works with ex-terrorists as they can use their unique access to extremist groups as a way of gathering info.
• Ayman Dean was recruited by MI6 whilst he was a member of Al-Quaeda and gathered info for them.

Question 24

UN RESPONSES TO TERRORISM: ECONOMIC

Answer 24

• UN can use sanctions against terrorist groups, aiming to stop the supply of money, weapons and aid to them, hopefully forcing nations to negotiate peace.
• EG. the UN has frozen approximately $200 million of terrorist funding.

Question 25

UN RESPONSES TO TERRORISM: POLITICAL

Answer 25

• UN provides a setting for world nations to make political agreements and discuss issues together to reduce terrorism, and can help with legislative issues.
• EG. can train countries to develop legislation, the UNSC drafted Somalia’s anti-terror laws.

Question 26

UN RESPONSES TO TERRORISM: HUMANITARIAN

Answer 26

• this focusses on aid, medicine and education, and emphasises the importance of UNESCO, hoping to develop relationships between different regions.
• EG. the UN successfully distributed aid to 40,000 people in a remote desert camp between Jordan and Syria in 2019.

Question 27

NATO RESPONSES TO TERRORISM: RESPONSE FORCE

Answer 27

• a rapid-reaction, international force that was created after 9/11 which can deploy land, air or sea troops when required to help combat terrorism.
• E. countries can commit their troops to the NRF, and these are rotated every 12 months.

Question 28

NATO RESPONSES TO TERRORISM: PREVENTATIVE ROLE

Answer 28

• assists by providing security at major public events that may attract the attention of terrorists, and can utilise things like the Airborne Warning and Control System.
• might assist at high profile events like NATO Summits of ministerial meetings.