International Terrorism Flashcards
1
Q
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CAUSES OF TERRORISM: PEER PRESSURE
A
- terrorist groups try to imitate family-like roles to entice people to abandon their loved ones and join - may feel pressure if friends are.
- EG. 2015, three teenage girls including Shamima Begum fled London to join ISIS.
2
Q
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CAUSES OF TERRORISM: RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
A
- religious terrorists may use terrorism to punish acts they see as ‘ungodly’ or to avenge what they perceive as attacks on their religion.
- Manchester Arena Bomber’s sister said he committed the attack because he saw young Muslims being killed by the West.
3
Q
SOCIO ECONOMIC CAUSES OF TERRORISM: POVERTY
A
- makes people more susceptible to recruitment as they are desperate and have very few opportunities - mad about differences between them and West.
- EG. in Somalia, most of the current generation have grown up in conflict and deprivation, so they are more likely to join local terrorist groups.
4
Q
POLITICAL CAUSES OF TERRORISM: DICTATORSHIPS AND HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS
A
- dictatorship governments are not fair and there are n elections, so certain people/parties remain in power - citizens use terrorism to change this.
- EG. civil war in Syria, with civilians fighting back against the government.
5
Q
POLITICAL CAUSES OF TERRORISM: RETALIATION FOR WESTERN POLICY
A
- retaliation is when someone causes harm because something they care about has been attacked - many feel they have to take revenge for unjust attacks against groups in society.
- EG. Manchester Arena Bomber’s sister
6
Q
POLITICAL CAUSES OF TERRORISM: THE FAR RIGHT
A
- terrorism motivated by a variety of far-right ideologies, such as xenophobia, racism, anti-communism, neo-Nazism. etc.
- EG. in 2018, 13 pipe bombs were sent to opponents of Donald Trump, including Obama and Hilary Clinton.
7
Q
IMPACT OF TERRORISM ON PEOPLE: ISLAMOPHOBIA
A
- since many terror attacks are performed by Muslims, terrorism often causes a rise in islamophobia - blame all muslims for the actions of few.
- EG. in the month after the MAB islamophobic attacks soared by more than 500%
8
Q
IMPACTS OF TERRORISM ON PEOPLE: PHYSICAL IMPACTS
A
- puts innocent people in danger, can include broken bones, disability, loss of limbs. etc. can also be visceral symptoms like breathing/heart problems.- - EG. in 2013, there was a bombing at the Boston Marathon and 17 people lost limbs.
9
Q
IMPACTS OF TERRORISM ON PEOPLE: FEAR
A
- survivors of terrorist attacks may experience anxiety/terror as they will be scared something like that will happen again, even causing them to flee their country.
- EG. many people fled Afghanistan in 2021 after the Taliban took control of the country, specifically anyone that had worked for the British army.
10
Q
SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TERRORISM ON COUTRIES: LACK OF EDUCATION
A
- some terrorist groups such as Boko Haram have attacked education institutions, causing many children to fear attending school - long-term impact on workforce.
- EG. in nigeria, around 10 million young people are not in school, mostly girls.
11
Q
SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TERRORISM ON COUNTRIES: TOURSIM
A
- after a terrorist attack, people around the world will be hesitant to travel to certain countries due to fear - impacts local industries.
- EG. French Gov estimated they lost around 2 billion euros after the terrorist attacks in 2015
12
Q
SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TERRORIM ON COUNTRIES: SECURITY
A
- after 9/11, countries and airports around the world increased their security, including things like bag checks and body scans which are very expensive.
- EG. in 2021, the UK counter-terrorism budget was £914 million
13
Q
SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TERRORISM ON COUNTRIES: POVERTY
A
- in countries where terrorism is common, govs spend money on countering these attacks instead of other parts of their country, causing poverty.
- EG. nigeria is ranked 7 on the Global Terrorism Index and also has 61% of people in poverty
14
Q
POLITICAL IMPACT OF TERRORISM ON COUNTRIES: REPUTATION
A
- after a terrorist attack, govs tend to retaliate, however some countries may disgaree with the chosen actions, making them lose respect.
- EG, the UK suffered a significant loss in reputation after taking part in an illegal invasion of Iraq.
15
Q
POLITICAL IMPACT OF TERRORISM ON COUNTRIES: POLITICAL FEAR
A
- after a terrorist attack, those in power may use the current fear to help them achieve policy changes, such as pressuring people to vote a certain way or agree with foreign policy issues.
- EG. in the UK the terror level is constantly being changed, and many critics believe this is the Gov trying to ensure the population live in fear.
16
Q
SOCIO-ECONOMIC INTERNATIONAL IMPACTS OF TERRORISM: ECONOMIC COSTS
A
- terrorism can be very expensive as countries have to replace infrastructure and combat the terrorists - money taken away from other areas.
- EG. the Iraq and Afghan war has already cost the USA $2 trillion and this is expected to increase still.
17
Q
SOCIO-ECONOMIC INTERNATIONAL IMPACTS OF TERRORISM: DISCRIMINATION
A
- tensions caused by terrorist attacks around the world can cause contempt between religious groups/races and a rise in racism.
- EG. after the MAB in 2017, islamophobic attacks rose by 500% in one month.
18
Q
SOCIO-ECONOMIC INTERNATIONAL IMPACTS OF TERRORISM: REFUGEE CRISIS
A
- relationships in europe have become tense due to the massive influx of refugees as countries are arguing over how many they should each take.
- EG. the Uk ahs been criticised for not “pulling their weight” when it comes to housing refugees.
19
Q
POLITICAL INTERNATIONAL IMPACTS OF TERRORISM: STRAIN ON RELATIONSHIPS
A
- conflict and terrorism can have a major impact on the relationship between nations and the international community as a whole, creating disagreements.
- EG. in 2019, the USA removed its troops from Syria, creating a decision between themselves and the Kurds.
20
Q
POLITICAL INTERNATIONAL IMPACTS OF TERRORISM: CONTAGION
A
- large scale terrorism can cause instability in the neighbouring countries, as well as causing security issues for countries further away like the UK.
- EG, ISIS has recruited fighters from at least 60 other countries, and when they return home conflict can spread.
21
Q
UK RESPONSES TO TERRORISM: ARREST
A
- police can step in and arrest anyone expressing radical views or anyone they feel may be involved in terrorist activities, preventing them.
- EG. from March 2017 - March 2018, over 400 people were held on suspicion of terrorist activity.
22
Q
UK RESPONSES TO TERRORISM: DE-RADICALISE
A
- this programme targets people the government believes possess extreme views and are identified as ‘likely to become terrorists’.
- EG. claims to have played a major role in stopping more than 150 attempted journeys to conflicts in Iraq and Syria.
23
Q
UK RESPONSES TO TERRORISM: RECRUIT
A
- this is when the UK Gov works with ex-terrorists as they can use their unique access to extremist groups as a way of gathering info.
- Ayman Dean was recruited by MI6 whilst he was a member of Al-Quaeda and gathered info for them.
24
Q
UN RESPONSES TO TERRORISM: ECONOMIC
A
- UN can use sanctions against terrorist groups, aiming to stop the supply of money, weapons and aid to them, hopefully forcing nations to negotiate peace.
- EG. the UN has frozen approximately $200 million of terrorist funding.
25
Q
UN RESPONSES TO TERRORISM: POLITICAL
A
- UN provides a setting for world nations to make political agreements and discuss issues together to reduce terrorism, and can help with legislative issues.
- EG. can train countries to develop legislation, the UNSC drafted Somalia’s anti-terror laws.
26
Q
UN RESPONSES TO TERRORISM: HUMANITARIAN
A
- this focusses on aid, medicine and education, and emphasises the importance of UNESCO, hoping to develop relationships between different regions.
- EG. the UN successfully distributed aid to 40,000 people in a remote desert camp between Jordan and Syria in 2019.
27
Q
NATO RESPONSES TO TERRORISM: RESPONSE FORCE
A
- a rapid-reaction, international force that was created after 9/11 which can deploy land, air or sea troops when required to help combat terrorism.
- E. countries can commit their troops to the NRF, and these are rotated every 12 months.
28
Q
NATO RESPONSES TO TERRORISM: PREVENTATIVE ROLE
A
- assists by providing security at major public events that may attract the attention of terrorists, and can utilise things like the Airborne Warning and Control System.
- might assist at high profile events like NATO Summits of ministerial meetings.
