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International relations study guide Flashcards

1
Q

What is Realism?

A

A theory emphasizing power and national interest as the primary drivers of state behavior in an anarchic international system.

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2
Q

What is Liberalism?

A

Focuses on cooperation, international institutions, and interdependence among states to achieve peace and mutual benefits.

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3
Q

What is Constructivism?

A

Argues that international relations are socially constructed through ideas, norms, and identities rather than solely material factors.

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4
Q

What does Feminism examine in international politics?

A

Examines how international politics affects and is affected by both men and women, highlighting gendered power structures.

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5
Q

What is Radical Theory?

A

Critiques the existing international system, often focusing on issues like capitalism, imperialism, and power imbalances to advocate for fundamental change.

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6
Q

What is the Balance of Power?

A

A situation in which nations have roughly equal power, preventing any one state from dominating others.

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7
Q

What is Hard Power?

A

The use of military and economic means to influence the behavior or interests of other political bodies.

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8
Q

What is Soft Power?

A

The ability to attract and co-opt rather than coerce, using cultural influence and diplomacy.

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9
Q

What is Democratic Peace Theory?

A

The proposition that democracies are less likely to engage in war with one another.

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10
Q

What is the Kantian Triangle?

A

A framework proposing that democratic states, economic interdependence, and international organizations collectively promote peace.

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11
Q

What is the Prisoner’s Dilemma?

A

A game theory scenario illustrating why two rational individuals might not cooperate, even if it appears that it is in their best interest to do so.

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12
Q

What is the Security Dilemma?

A

A situation where actions taken by a state to increase its security cause other states to respond with similar measures, leading to increased tensions.

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13
Q

What is Sovereignty?

A

The authority of a state to govern itself without external interference.

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14
Q

What defines a State?

A

A political entity with a defined territory, permanent population, government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states.

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15
Q

What is a Nation?

A

A group of people who share common characteristics such as culture, language, or ethnicity, often seeking self-governance.

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16
Q

What is Level of Analysis?

A

The perspective from which international relations are studied, typically divided into individual, state, and international system levels.

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17
Q

What is Anarchy in international relations?

A

The absence of a central authority in the international system, leading to self-help behavior among states.

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18
Q

What is Internal Balancing?

A

A strategy where a state increases its own military capabilities to counterbalance a threat.

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19
Q

What is External Balancing?

A

A strategy involving forming alliances with other states to counterbalance a potential threat.

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20
Q

What is Bandwagoning?

A

Aligning with a stronger power to share in its gains rather than opposing it.

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21
Q

What is Offensive Realism?

A

A strand of realism that suggests states are inherently aggressive and seek to maximize their power to achieve hegemony.

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22
Q

What is Defensive Realism?

A

A strand of realism that posits states are primarily concerned with maintaining their security rather than maximizing power.

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23
Q

What is a Unipolar System?

A

An international system where one state holds the majority of power and predominates over others.

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24
Q

What is a Bipolar System?

A

An international system dominated by two superpowers.

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25
Q

What is a Multipolar System?

A

An international system where multiple states hold significant power and influence.

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26
Q

What is Hegemonic Stability Theory?

A

The idea that international systems are more likely to remain stable when a single nation-state is the dominant world power.

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27
Q

What is the Rational Actor Model?

A

A framework assuming that states act as rational entities, making decisions by weighing costs and benefits to maximize their interests.

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28
Q

What is the Bureaucratic Politics Model?

A

Suggests that state decisions result from bargaining and compromise among various government agencies and interest groups.

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29
Q

What is the Organizational Model?

A

Focuses on how bureaucratic organizations within states shape foreign policy based on standard operating procedures and organizational routines.

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30
Q

What is the Pluralism Model?

A

Emphasizes the role of diverse groups and interests in shaping state policies through negotiation and competition.

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31
Q

What is Groupthink?

A

A psychological phenomenon where a group prioritizes harmony and conformity over critical analysis, often leading to flawed decision-making.

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32
Q

What is Jus ad Bellum?

A

The set of criteria that justify the right to engage in war, such as self-defense or authorization by a legitimate authority.

33
Q

What is Jus in Bello?

A

The set of rules that govern the conduct of participants during warfare, ensuring humanitarian treatment and minimizing unnecessary suffering.

34
Q

What is Cyberwarfare?

A

The use of digital attacks by one state to disrupt the computer systems of another, aiming to cause damage or gain strategic advantages.

35
Q

What is Human Security?

A

A concept emphasizing the protection of individuals’ rights and safety, beyond traditional state-centric security measures.

36
Q

What is a Refugee?

A

A person who has been forced to flee their country due to persecution, war, or violence.

37
Q

What is the Malthusian Dilemma?

A

The theory that population growth will outpace agricultural production, leading to widespread poverty and degradation.

38
Q

What is the Tragedy of the Commons?

A

A situation where individuals, acting in their own self-interest, deplete shared resources, leading to long-term collective loss.

39
Q

What are the Treaties of Westphalia (1648)?

A

A series of agreements that ended the Thirty Years’ War and laid the foundations for modern state sovereignty and the international system.

40
Q

What is Détente?

A

A period of eased tensions and improved relations between superpowers, particularly between the USA and the USSR during the Cold War.

41
Q

What is Containment?

A

A Cold War strategy aimed at preventing the spread of communism by providing political, military, and economic assistance to threatened regions.

42
Q

What was the Cold War?

A

A period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States, along with their respective allies, after World War II.

43
Q

What is Compellence?

A

A strategy to force an opponent to take some action, often involving threats or limited use of force.

44
Q

What is Deterrence?

A

A strategy aimed at preventing hostile actions by threatening significant retaliation.

45
Q

What is Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)?

A

A doctrine of military strategy where full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides would cause the complete annihilation of both, deterring either side from initiating conflict.

46
Q

What is NATO?

A

A military alliance established in 1949 between North American and European countries for collective defense against aggression.

47
Q

What is Peacekeeping?

A

Operations undertaken by international organizations, typically the UN, to maintain peace and security in conflict areas.

48
Q

What is the International Court of Justice (ICJ)?

A

The principal judicial organ of the United Nations, responsible for settling legal disputes between states and providing advisory opinions on international legal issues.

49
Q

What is the International Criminal Court (ICC)?

A

A permanent international tribunal established to prosecute individuals for genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the crime of aggression.

50
Q

What is the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)?

A

An international treaty aimed at preventing the spread of nuclear weapons, promoting peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and furthering nuclear disarmament.

51
Q

What is the Paris Climate Accord?

A

An international agreement within the UNFCCC framework aimed at limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.

52
Q

What is Bretton Woods?

A

Refers to the 1944 conference that established the IMF and the World Bank, setting the framework for international economic cooperation post-World War II.

53
Q

What is the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)?

A

A legal agreement aimed at promoting international trade by reducing tariffs and other trade barriers, which later evolved into the WTO.

54
Q

What is the World Trade Organization (WTO)?

A

An international organization that regulates and facilitates international trade by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements and resolving disputes.

55
Q

What is the International Monetary Fund (IMF)?

A

An international financial institution that provides monetary cooperation, financial stability, and assistance to member countries facing economic difficulties.

56
Q

What is the World Bank?

A

An international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of poorer countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects.

57
Q

What is the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)?

A

An international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for military purposes, including nuclear weapons.

58
Q

What is a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)?

A

A non-profit organization that operates independently of any government, typically aimed at addressing social, political, or environmental issues.

59
Q

What is an Intergovernmental Organization (IGO)?

A

An organization composed primarily of sovereign states, established by treaty or other agreements to work on common issues.

60
Q

What is the UN Security Council?

A

A principal organ of the United Nations responsible for maintaining international peace and security, with the authority to make binding decisions.

61
Q

What is the UN General Assembly?

A

A deliberative body of the United Nations where all member states have equal representation to discuss and work on international issues.

62
Q

What is the Most-Favored-Nation Principle (MFN)?

A

A key WTO principle that ensures a country’s trade advantages with one nation are extended to all other WTO members.

63
Q

What are Multinational Corporations (MNC)?

A

Companies that operate in multiple countries, managing production or delivering services in more than one country.

64
Q

What are Non-Tariff Barriers?

A

Trade barriers that restrict imports or exports through mechanisms other than the simple imposition of tariffs, such as quotas, embargoes, or standards.

65
Q

What are Structural Adjustment Programs?

A

Economic policies imposed by the IMF and World Bank on countries in exchange for loans, often requiring austerity measures and economic liberalization.

66
Q

What is the Washington Consensus?

A

A set of ten economic policy prescriptions considered to constitute the standard reform package for crisis-wracked developing countries, emphasizing free-market principles.

67
Q

What is the Beijing Consensus?

A

A model of economic development that emphasizes gradual market-oriented reforms, state-led investment, and political stability, often associated with China.

68
Q

What are Tariffs?

A

Taxes imposed on imported goods and services to restrict trade and protect domestic industries.

69
Q

What are Economic Sanctions?

A

Penalties applied by one or more countries against a targeted country, group, or individual to influence behavior or policies.

70
Q

What are Beggar Thy Neighbor Policies?

A

Economic policies designed to benefit one country at the expense of others, often through protectionism or currency manipulation.

71
Q

What is Globalization?

A

The process of increased interconnectedness and interdependence among countries through trade, investment, technology, and cultural exchange.

72
Q

What is Human Security?

A

A broad concept that includes protecting individuals from threats such as violence, poverty, disease, and environmental hazards.

73
Q

What is a Pandemic?

A

An outbreak of a disease that occurs on a global scale, affecting a large number of people across multiple countries or continents.

74
Q

What is Genocide?

A

The deliberate and systematic destruction of a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.

75
Q

What is the Responsibility to Protect (R2P)?

A

A global political commitment to prevent genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity.

76
Q

What is the Cyberwarfare?

A

The use of digital attacks by one state to disrupt the computer systems of another, aiming to cause damage or gain strategic advantages.

77
Q

What is the MMA theory?

A

The theory that population growth will outpace agricultural production, leading to widespread poverty and degradation.

78
Q

What is a State?

A

A political entity with a defined territory, permanent population, government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states.

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