international relations Flashcards
what happened in the second opium war with international relations?
1854 Britain tried to renegotiate terms with China from Treaty of Nanjing. Wanted all ports fully opium, opium legalised, permanent British embassy. China stalled for 2 years. Impounded arrow. Shelled Canton with France, Russia and America. Captured it in 1857. 1858 Anglo-French force seized Tianjin. Close to Beijing. China agreed to Treaty of Tianjin. 11 ports opened, foreign embassies in Beijing, foreigners could travel without restriction and carry out missionary work, Yangzi river open to trade, $25 million reparations, Chinese had to respect foreigners. China refused to follow, so Summer Palace was sacked by British and French, then China agreed in the Convention of Beijing. Also said land near Hong Kong given to Britain, and Chinese could go to America as indentured labourers. Eventually 50 treaty ports opened, stronger Western presence, Japan realised looked weak so attacked, some of the Chinese hated the West for it, some of the Chinese admired the West and wanted to copy them for it.
what happened in the first sino- japanese war?
Japan adopted economic, social, military and political reforms successfully and strengthen against the West. Japan became much stronger than China. Japan wanted China’s tributary state of Korea. Fought China and got it. China then had to agree to the Treaty of Shimonoseki where they had to give up all claim to Korea, pay an indemnity of $200 million to Japan. Japan took Taiwan, other islands, and important parts of Manchuria, Japan was allowed to establish factories and commercial premises in the treaty ports, and more ports were opened to Japanese trade j
whar happened with international relations in the triple intervention?
The Russians wanted one of the ports that Japan got in the Treaty of Shimonoseki called Liaodong. France and Germany joined up with Russia as they thought they could make gains out of this. This was called the Triple Intervention. Japan agreed to give France, Germany and Russia Liaodong in Manchuria. Eventually the Russians and Japanese fought over this later – and the Japanese won.
what happened with international relations in the scramble for concessions?
China looked weak in the Triple Intervention, so the Europeans decided to impose more treaties on them. This was called the Scramble for Concessions. Russia already had Laiodong, now the other Western countries got as many other ports and cities on the coast of China as they could. Britain got more of Hong Kong, and another area in China to set up a naval base. Britain also made China agree that Britain had influence over Tibet. Russia also got China to agree that Russia had influence over Outer Mongolia. Germany, France, Russia and Japan also claimed more of China. It had got even worse for China – so Guangxu tried to pass the 100 days. However, Cixi used the unpopular reforms as an opportunity to stage a coup against Guangxu and his reformists.
what happened to international relations with the open door policy?
America didn’t want the other countries to take over China and become stronger than America – so they said no-one should officially take over any more of China. America said this was so that China could trade with everyone. It was called the open-door policy. America was stronger than everyone else and everyone wanted to trade with America so they would do what America said – so everyone else agreed. This was called the open-door policy.
what happened with international relations in the boxer rebellion?
Causes – frustration with the West – jealous of concession zones, attacked first hairy men (Western missionaries) Events – killed missionaries in Shandong, shining red lanterns, took control of Beijing 55 days, 8 nation alliance Consequences – Boxer Protocol – reparations - £60 million What does it show about China’s relationship with the West? – submissive
what were the causes of the first opium war?
- china made britain agree to the hong system
- china made britain pay for goods using silver, Britain did this by selling opium in china and as a result china had a silver drain
- china saw opium dens as a social consequence
- Britain new that china was militarily weaker than china (Britain had steamships and maxim guns whilst china only had muskets and junks)
- Britain thought that opium would be legalised in china and so they stockpiled it
- Lin burnt the opium
- traders lobbied the foreign secretary to put pressure on the pm for gun boat diplomacy
what were the events of the first opium war?
- Gun boats sent early 1840.
- International community and Chinese areas of the cities besieging cycles.
- Steamships outmanoeuvred junks up the river. Battles out at sea where opium was.
- Some fighting on land – Western maxim guns vs. Chinese flintlock muskets. Warehouses and river barges with silver taels to pay Chinese soldiers taken by British.
- Late 1840-1842 – British Indian army besieged Canton and other ports. 25 steam ships bombarded coastal forts and captured islands. Chinese fought back.
- Early 1842 – more soldiers arrived, caught forts near key fiver deltas near Shanghai, Chinese nearly agreed to Convention of Chuan’Pi, refused fighting resumed ·
- Summer 1842 – British about to seize Nanjing, Chinese gave up and agreed to Treaty of Nanjing
what were the consequences of the first opium war?
- $21 million compensation
- Canton, Shanghai, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Guangzhou would be open to British trade. This meant that Britain could trade a lot in these cities and only pay low dues for this. They didn’t have to follow the canton system. This meant that now British could buy property and live in these ports. They would also be exempt from Chinese law.
- Hong Kong would become a permanent British colony and the Qing could not collect taxes.
- Although opium was officially restricted by the Chinese, as the trading ports were now so open to trade, lots of opium could enter the country and it would be sold unofficially by smugglers.
- The Treaty of Nanjing was the first unequal treaty which China had to sign and treated them badly and the West well. Many more would follow after this.
- China wanted to reduce British influence. So, they deliberately entered discussions with America and France and signed treaties with them. These treaties said that America and France were the ‘most favoured nation’ in other cities and regions. This meant America and France had trading privileges and had to pay less tax on trade, and they would automatically get any rights that other countries got in deals. It would be easier for them to trade so they would dominate trade in these areas. This made America and France more powerful.
- However, Britain also wanted this, so through threats Britain quickly got this status too in certain areas.
- Britain gained Shanghai. They improved the Yangzi river by it for better trading. Other countries also gained influence. Western trading offices, hospitals, churches and trade increased. The Chinese resented it but were also inspired by it.
what happened with international relations in hong kong?
- 1842 treaty of nianjing: britain was given hong kong permanantly, china lost the right to collect tax. china lost their tax revenue - this wasn’t too significant back then, lost territory and soverignty
- 1860: convention of Beijing said that Britain gains kowloon and lantau as territories
- after scramble for concessions and first sino- jap war, Britain negotiated a treaty which said that they could gain control over the new territories over a 99 year lease
- the effect of this treaty was to transform HongKong into an economic powerhouse and major city as western companies set up businesses there. china was kind of jealous of this and wanted hong kong back
- by the 1950s, 60s and 70s hong kong became even more prosperous because rich Chinese who wanted to escape communism escaped to hong kong
- prc began negotiations to get new territories back in 1979 because they thought that b would be reluctant to give it back
- b might give hk back because had to give up the new territories and they couldn’t govern without the new territories as hk depended on territories for infrastructure and electricity
- however apprehensive that b wouldn’t give it back because of the unsuccessful communist regime, great leap forward and cultural revolution. 95% of hk residents wanted to remain british
- in 1980 deng demanded that hong kong be given back to china as it was part of nation, made brotain feel guilty about hanging on to outdated imperialist notions and holding onto the empire. in addition, ccp was stronger than b and could enter and take over
what happened with hong kong in the end?
- compromise: Sino - British joinnt declaration 1984: agreed that hk would return to china in 1997. but also that hk would become a special autonomous region and have a capitalist structure until 2047
- this was almost a benefit to china anyway, deng wanted a one nation 2 systems structure, most of china would be communist and areas like hong kong and taiwan could open up china to the rest of the world. communism would be so successful that sar would want to be communist anyway. sar could have some elements of democracy
- democrats in hong kong felt that Britain wasn’t protecting them from prc’s harsh policies. they also wanted more democracy - British governor had introduced more democracy 1984- 1997
what were sino- ussr relations under qing and warlords?
- qing dynasty: russia gained outer mongolia, Russia gained the Chinese port of lishuang frm japan and russia signed unequal treaties w china
- warlord period/ GMD: USSR had supported the GMD and CCP. wanted GMD to change the economy from agricultural to capitalist. wanted CCP to change the economy from capitalist to communist. wanted CCP to work with the GMD from the beginning, so that the capitalism that would come about would have some socialist elements. mao disliked their support of the GMD
what were sino-russian relations like in the 1950s?
- by the end of Chinese civil war (1949) USSR officially welcomed this and assumed ccp would look to them for help. CCP resented USSR for stripping manchuria of its economic resources
USSR wanted a worker lead revolution that was internationalist but CCP wanted a nationalist revolution driven by the peasants - mao and stalin would often clash with each other on diplomatic visits
- in 1950 PRC needed money to launch first five year plan and the USSR insisted on a $300 million loan not gift which they would have to repay with heavy interest. the russian advisors would also have to be paid by china and c had to give r most of their bullion reserves.
- c had to pay for all of USSR’s military supplies that were used by china during the Korean war.
OVERALL CHINA FELT LIKE THEY WERE BEING MISTREATED BY THE WEST AGAIN. MAO HAD VISTED MOSCOW AND FELT MISTREATED. CHINA HAD HOPED FOR FRIENDLY RELATIONS AND LOOKED TO RUSSIA FOR ADVICE, RUSSIA BASICALLY EXPECTED THIS AND WERE UNWILLING TO HELP THEM IF THEY DIDNT PAY. - stalin dies. khrushchev, the new leader is more moderate and wants destalinisation to insert his own power. mao interpreted this as an attack on his own rule and said that the revisionist path should be avoided which some russians agreed with - obviously khruschev hated this. mao also believed that ussr was getting close to the west to isolate china
- soviet ambassador gave the impression that russia wanted to control chhinas navy in 1958. khruschev had to fly to Beijing to rectify this situation. mao wasn’t interested in resolviing anything, humiliated khruschev by having a meeting in a pool when he couldn’t swim and had to be in a rubber ring.
- Mao moved troops to try and take the Taiwan without consulting USSR this was just bluff but angered USSR because they hadn’t been considered
- USSR criticised great leap forward. withdrew from nuclear program. considered vhina too reckless,
what were sino-soviet relations like in the 1960s?
- china offered to support any country that wanted to follow communism but not the way of the USSR. albania was the first to asl for assistance. Moscow Congress of Communism USSR criticised Albania for backward Stalinist ways- china saw this as an attack on them and walked out
- hostile relations: khruschev called mao an asain hitler, mao called him a redundant old boot that ought to be thrown in a corner.
- border disputes, china complained russia was holding onto territories won in the unequal treaties and was therefore guilty of capitalist imperialism
- sino-indian war (1962): USSR were officially neutral but gave India fighter planes and moral support. ussr then offered to act as meditator which the USSR saw as hypocrisy
- cuban missile crisis: ussr and America nearly went to war over missiles in cuba. khruschev had to give in- gave saw this as hum accommodating to the capitalist west again.
- Mao resented USSR peace w the west: Test ban treaty which limited USSR development of nuclear weapons
Mao felt that Khrushchev was abandoning continuing revolution and the final class struggle- Mao wanted to be the leader of international socialism. He believed peaceful coexistence which the USSR wanted was impossible. The USSR saw the Chinese as irresponsible for talking of a final class struggle and seeming to want nuclear war.
- 1968 Eastern Europe tried to gain more independence, and the USSR sent in soldiers to stop this - again China saw this as the USSR acting like an imperialist.
- 1969 international conference in Russia with the aim of outlawing China from international socialism, but Russia didn’t get enough support. There were a lot of border bashes and the PSC and USSR position that nuclear missiles at each other. Also attentions the USSR support of Vietnam with fighting Cambodia China set in forces to support Cambodia purity to reduce the USSR presence in, Vietnam
what were sino- ussr relations like under deng?
how was china a weak regional power under the qing dynasty?
VERY WEAK
- first opium war: treaty of nianjing lost soverignty to britain ad set a precedent that they were weak, lost prestige
- second opium war: treaty of tianjin, china further lost its soverignty. western embassy set up, ports opened up, foreigners could enter and Christians could openly worship
- first sino-jap war: treaty of simoneski: lost korea as a tributary state. had to pay an indemnity of $230 million silver dollars to Japan. japan took taiwan, liaodong, port arthur and pescadores islands
- triple intervention: lost more soverignty and territory
- boxer rebellion: boxer protocol: foreign troops permanently stationed in beijiing, £68 million in repariations
