international migration Flashcards
define international migration
people who migrate from one sovereign country to another
what are the causes of inetrnational migration
-population pressure,
-economic differences such as improved wages and education
-civil war,
-natural disasters.
describe economic reasons for international migration
-the pursuit of better economic
opportunities.
-Many individuals migrate to improve their quality of life, seeking employment in countries with stronger economies. For example, many people from developing countries in Latin America and even mexico migrate to the United States in search of higher-paying jobs and better living conditions.
-Many Mexicans migrate to the U.S. in search of better-paying jobs
. The wage disparity between the U.S. and Mexico is a significant factor
. For example, the average hourly wage in the U.S. is about $25, while in Mexico, it’s around $31
.
describe education as an economic reason
improved education attracts younger people .
-it has been estimated in the uk that by the 2020s ,there will be 660 000 foreign students
26% of international students in the UK were from India2
. This is a significant proportion, reflecting the strong educational ties between the two countries.
-India’s students are drawn to the UK for its world-renowned universities, diverse educational programs, and post-study work opportunities.
-The UK’s post-study work visa allows international students to stay and work in the country for up to two years after graduation, making it an attractive destination for Indian students seeking to enhance their career prospects.
describe civil war or political instability as a reason for international migration
. Wars, persecution, and violence often force people to flee their homes in search
of safety. The Syrian civil war, which began in 2011, caused millions of people to seek refuge
in neighboring countries and further abroad, particularly in Europe such as in germany and sweden
describe the environment and natural disasters as a reason for international migration
-Climate change has led to more frequent and severe weather events, such as floods, droughts, and hurricanes, which can displace large populations.
-For example, rising sea levels and extreme weather have prompted people from small island nations in the Pacific, such as Tuvalu, to migrate to countries like New Zealand.
- In other regions, prolonged droughts and desertification have forced farmers and rural populations in sub-Saharan Africa to move to urban areas or migrate internationally to escape deteriorating
living conditions.
describe how globalization and advancements in technology lead to migration
-Globalization and improved transportation and communication networks have made it easier for people to migrate, further fueling the increase in international movement.
-Advances in technology have enabled people to stay connected with their families and communities while
living abroad, making migration less daunting.
- Furthermore, international job recruitment and the expansion of global markets have created more opportunities for people to move across borders.
-For instance, the rise of multinational corporations has led to increased skilled migration, as professionals from countries like India and China move to tech hubs such as the
United States or Canada to work in the information technology sector.
what are the negative impacts of international migration in destination area
-Pressure on Public Services: An influx of migrants can strain public services such as healthcare, education, and housing1
. For example, in the UK, the NHS has faced increased demand due to rising immigration, leading to longer waiting times for residents
.
-Housing Shortages: Rapid population growth can lead to housing shortages and increased rents1
. Cities like New York and London have experienced significant housing pressure due to high levels of immigration, making it harder for locals to find affordable accommodation, as accommodation reaches almost 2000 pounds
.
-Job Competition: Migrants can increase competition for jobs, potentially leading to wage suppression and job displacement for local workers1
. In Germany, there have been concerns about migrants competing with low-skilled native workers for jobs1
.
-Cultural Tensions: Differences in culture, language, and customs can sometimes lead to social friction
. In France, cultural integration challenges have led to social unrest and tension between communities1
.
-Environmental Impact: Increased population can lead to higher levels of pollution and greater pressure on natural resources
. For instance, in germany and cities such as berlin and hamburg with high migration rates resulting in population growth may experience increased pollution and resource depletion.
Economic Burden: While migrants contribute economically, the initial costs of integration, such as housing, welfare, and education, can be a financial strain on the destination country.such as remittances that get sent home
what are the positive impacts of international migration in destination area
-Economic Growth: Migrants often fill labor shortages in various sectors, boosting the local economy. For example, in the UK, migrants contribute significantly to industries such as healthcare, construction, and hospitality. They help maintain services and drive economic growth.
-Cultural Diversity: Migration enriches the cultural fabric of the destination area. Cities like London and New York are melting pots of different cultures, cuisines, and traditions, creating vibrant, multicultural societies.
-Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Migrants bring new ideas and perspectives, fostering innovation. In Silicon Valley, many successful tech companies have been founded or co-founded by immigrants, like Google (Sergey Brin from Russia) and Tesla (Elon Musk from South Africa).
-Demographic Balance: In countries with aging populations, migrants can help balance the age structure by bringing in younger individuals. This supports the labor market and helps sustain social welfare systems. Germany’s acceptance of migrants has helped offset its declining birth rates.
-Skills and Expertise: Migrants often bring specialized skills and expertise, contributing to sectors like healthcare and education. For instance, many doctors and nurses in the UK’s NHS are from overseas, providing essential healthcare services.
what are the negative impacts of international migration in source area
-Brain Drain: The emigration of skilled and educated individuals can lead to a shortage of professionals in critical sectors such as healthcare and education. For example, many doctors and nurses from the Philippines migrate to work abroad, leaving the country with a shortage of medical professionals1
.
-Economic Consequences: The departure of working-age individuals can reduce the labor force and economic productivity
lower agricultural outputs . In countries like Mexico, the migration of young workers to the U.S. has led to labor shortages in certain industries1
this leads to an increase in ageing population
.
-Social Costs: Migration can lead to the separation of families, causing emotional and social strain. In India, many families are separated due to migration, impacting the social fabric of communities1
.
-Gender Imbalances: Migration often involves more men than women, leading to gender imbalances in the source area. This can affect family structures and social dynamics1
.
-Remittance Dependency: While remittances can boost the economy, over-reliance on them can hinder long-term economic development. In countries like Nepal, remittances account for a significant portion of the GDP, but this dependency can discourage local investment and job creation.
what are the positive impacts of international migration in source area
-Remittances: Migrants send money back home, known as remittances, which can significantly boost the local economy. For example, in 2021, remittances to low- and middle-income countries reached $589 billion, with countries like India and the Philippines receiving substantial amounts1
.
-Skill Transfer: Migrants often acquire new skills and knowledge abroad, which they bring back to their home country. This can lead to improved practices and innovation. For instance, returning migrants in Ghana have introduced new agricultural techniques learned abroad, enhancing productivity.
-Reduced Unemployment: Migration can reduce pressure on the local job market, leading to lower unemployment rates2
. For example, in Mexico, the migration of young workers to the U.S. has helped alleviate some of the unemployment pressures in certain regions.
-Improved Education and Health: Remittances can be used to invest in education and healthcare, leading to better outcomes in these areas. In Nepal, remittances have contributed to improved access to education and healthcare services1
.
-Economic Development: The influx of remittances can stimulate local businesses and infrastructure development. In the Philippines, remittances have been a significant driver of economic growth, supporting small businesses and community projects.
what are the obstacle and barriers to international migration
-immigration laws
-distance
-cost
-language and cultural barrier
how does immigration laws affect international migrations
-Strict immigration laws and policies can limit migration. For instance, the U.S. has implemented various travel bans and visa restrictions that have made it harder for people from certain countries to migrate.
-The U.S. has measures in place to secure its borders, including physical barriers, surveillance technology, and border patrol agents
-The U.S.-Mexico border wall is a series of barriers along the U.S.-Mexico border intended to reduce illegal immigration and drug trafficking
how is distance a barrier to international migration
distance acts as a natural barrier to migration, with longer distances generally
deterring movement due to higher transportation costs, unfamiliarity with the destination,
and logistical challenges. For example, migrants from Central American countries such as
Honduras or El Salvador are more likely to move to nearby countries like the United States
rather than distant regions like Europe or Asia. The closer proximity of the U.S. reduces travel
costs and allows migrants to maintain closer ties with their home country, making it a more
attractive destination.
how can social network diminish the influence of distance and increase migration
-Social networks also play a critical role in shaping migration patterns and can diminish the influence of distance.
-Once migration networks are established, they tend to encourage
further migration by providing information, support, and resources to new migrants.
- For example, migration from India to the United Kingdom has been facilitated by well-established communities of Indian immigrants, who provide economic and social support to new arrivals.
-These networks make it easier for individuals to migrate, even over long distances, by
reducing the uncertainty and risks involved.
