International Economics I Flashcards

Definitions

1
Q

Define Absolute Advantage

A

If a country using the same factors of production can produce more of a product, then it has an absolute advantage.

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2
Q

Define Absolute Poverty

A

When people are unable to afford sufficient necessities to maintain
life; those on less than $1.90 a day

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3
Q

Define currency appreciation

A

An increase in the value of the currency using floating exchange rates

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4
Q

Define Automatic Stabilisers

A

Automatic stabilisers are automatic fiscal changes as the economy moves through stages of the business cycle – e.g. a fall in tax revenues from the circular flow during a recession or an increase in state welfare benefits when unemployment is rising

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5
Q

Define Balance of Payments

A

A record of all financial dealings over a period of time between
economic agents of one country and another

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6
Q

Define Capital Account

A

A part of the balance of payments; records debt forgiveness,
inheritance taxes, transfers of financial assets and sales of assets

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7
Q

Define Capital Expenditure

A

Government spending on investment goods such as new roads,
schools and hospitals, which will be consumed in over a year

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8
Q

What is a central bank?

A

A financial institution that has direct responsibility to control the money
supply and monetary policy, to manage gold reserves and foreign
currency and to issue government debt

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9
Q

Define a common market

A

Members trade freely in all economic resources and impose a
common external tariff

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10
Q

Define Comparative Advantage

A

When a country is able to produce a good more cheaply relative to
other goods produced; it has a lower opportunity cost

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11
Q

Define the Current Account

A

A part of the balance of payments; records payments for the purchase
and sale of goods and services, as well as incomes and transfers

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12
Q

Define currency depreciation

A

A fall in the value of a currency under floating exchange rates

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13
Q

Define currency devaluation

A

When the currency is decreased against another under a fixed system

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14
Q

Define a Developed Country

A

A country with a high GDP Per Capita and high standards of living

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15
Q

Define a Developing Country

A

A coutnry with a low GDP Per Capita and low standard of living

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16
Q

Define discretionary fiscal policy

A

Deliberate manipulation of government expenditure and taxes to
influence the economy; expansionary and deflationary fiscal policy

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17
Q

Define exhange rates

A

The rate at which one currency is traded against another.

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18
Q

Define the Financial Account

A

A part of the balance of payments; records FDI, portfolio investment
and the transfer of gold and currency reserves

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19
Q

Define Financial Markets

A

A financial market is any exchange that facilitates the trading of financial instruments, such as stocks, bonds, foreign exchange, or primary commodities such as oil and gas.

20
Q

Define a fixed/pegged exhange rate system

A

The value of the currency is set against the value of another and that
exchange rate does not change unless the government manipulates it

21
Q

What is a Foreign Currency Gap

A

When a country does not export enough to finance the purchase of
goods from overseas

22
Q

What is Foreign Direct Investment

A

Investment by one private sector company in one country into another
private sector company in another

23
Q

Define the Gini Coefficient

A

A measure of income inequality; the ratio of the area between the
degree line (the line of perfect equality) and the Lorenz curve and the
whole area under the 45 degree line

24
Q

What is the Harrod-Domar Model

A

Savings provide the funds that are used for investment, and growth
rates depend on the level of saving and the productivity of investment.
Therefore, growth in developing countries is limited by the lack of
investment

25
Q

Define HDI

A

Measures an economy’s development based on income, health and
education

26
Q

What is the Laffer Curve

A

Shows that a rise in tax rates does not necessarily lead to a rise in tax
revenue, due to the impact on incentives and work

26
Q

Define International Competitiveness

A

The ability of a country to compete effectively and become attractive in
international markets

27
Q

Define Market Bubble

A

When the price of an asset rises massively and greatly exceeds the
value of the asset itself

28
Q

Define Market Rigging

A

A group of individuals or institutions collude to fix prices or exchange
information that will lead to gains for themselves at the expense of
other participants in the market

29
Q

Marshall Lerner Condition

A

The sum of the price elasticities of imports and exports must be more
than one if a currency depreciation is to have a positive impact on the
trade balance

30
Q

Define a Monetary Union

A

Two or more countries with a single currency

31
Q

Define Moral Hazards

A

When individuals act in their own best interests knowing there are
potential risks- another cause of financial market failure

32
Q

Define Primary Product Dependancy

A

When a country relies heavily on primary products, such as
agricultural goods or mining.

33
Q

Define National Debt

A

The sum of government debts built up over many years

34
Q

Define Protectionism

A

When government enact policies to restrict the free entry of imports
into their country, such as tariffs and quotas

35
Q

Define a Quota

A

Limits placed on the level of imports allowed into a country

36
Q

Define Relative Poverty

A

When income falls below an average income threshold. In the UK, this
is those on less than 60% of median household income

37
Q

Define Revaluation

A

When the currency is increased against the value of another under a
fixed system

38
Q

Define Terms of Trade

A

The ratio of an index of a country’s export prices to an index of its
import prices.
average export price index x100
average import price index

39
Q

Define Trade Creation

A

domestic consumers in countries import more goods and services as import prices fall from a removal of import tariffs and import quotas; production will shift to a lower cost producer.

40
Q

Define Trade Liberalisation

A

Reduction or removal of protectionist policies

41
Q

Define Trading blocs

A

A group of countries that reduce or remove trade barriers between
them

42
Q

Define Unit labour costs

A

The cost of employing workers for each unit of a good
total wages / real output

43
Q

Define Terms of Trade

A

measures the rate of exchange of one product for another when two countries trade

44
Q

Define Market failure

A

When the market fails to allocate scarce resources with maximum efficiency.
When the market fails to maximise to social welfare.