Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Plumbum Institute of Biology > INTERNAL SYSTEMS > Flashcards

INTERNAL SYSTEMS Flashcards

(117 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Squamous epithelial cells

A

skin, lining of mouth, anus, alveoli. cells originate at the bottom of the epithelium, pushing outwards in irregular sheets as those in the outermost layers fall off. simple version in alveoli is only one cell thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Columnar epithelial cells

A

located in intestines. large, brick shaped cells allowing absorption and secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

(pseudostratified) ciliated columnar epithelial cells

A

located in trachea, form a mucous membrane that traps and sweeps out debris and foreign bodies using cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary, striated muscle attached to bones by tendons. bundles of long cells that contract to move the bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary, non-striated muscle in the walls of internal organs. spindle-shaped cells carry out organ functions like arterial contraction and peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cardiac muscle

A

involuntary, striated muscle in the myocardium. like skeletal muscle, but with branched fibres that relay signals to synchronize contractions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

bone (tissue)

A

very hard connective tissue made of a collagen matrix, deposited by osteoblasts and filled with minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cartilage

A

collagen fibres in a rubbery complex secreted by chondrocytes. it is strong yet soft and flexible, located between bones and makes up embryonic skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

fibrose connective tissue/tendons

A

dense tissue filled with collagen fibres that connects muscles to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

adipose tissue

A

adipose cells store fat in droplets located in pads to use as fuel storage, cushioning, and insulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

nervous tissue

A

very long neurons transmit impulses to other neurons, muscles, or other cellas. Glial cells aka glia nourish, insulate, and sometimes modulate neurons. OVERALL FUNCTION - receiving and transmitting information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

loose/elastic connective tissue

A

interwoven fibres that bind organs and epithelia together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

bacterial gas exchange

A

diffusion through cell membrane, which is possible because they live in an aquatic environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

earthworm gas exchange

A

diffusion through outer skin, possible because they live in damp areas and made more effective by their high surface area to volume ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

fish gas exchange

A

gills with extremely convoluted surface areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

insect gas exchange

A

system of tracheae connected to the outside by spiracles deliver O2 directly to cells, it never enters “blood”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

frog gas exchange

A

through skin and with book lungs (simple chambers in thorax)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

nasal cavity

A

warm and moisten air by passing it around mucus-covered turbinate bones, filter out debris with hairs and sticking it in mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

pharynx

A

general area connecting oral cavity, nasal passages, trachea, and esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

epiglottis

A

flap of tissue that flips down over trachea to prevent food entering it during swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

larynx

A

two membranous folds (vocal cords) nearly close to produce vibrations as air passes between them on its way out of trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

trachea

A

path from larynx to lungs with cartilaginous rings to prevent collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

bronchi/bronchiole

A

bifurcated tubes, divert flow from trachea into both lungs and lead it down narrower passages to alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

alveolus

A

an air sac in the lung that facilitates gas exchange, very small with only a simple squamous epithelial layer (1 cell thick!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
diaphragm
thin sheet of muscle separating thoracic and abdominal cavities, contracts and MOVES DOWNWARD to DECREASE pressure in thoracic cavity
25
axial portion of the body
head, neck, and torso
26
appendicular portion of the body
arms, legs
27
dorsal cavity
cavity containing cranial (brain) and spinal cavities, both completely surrounded by bone for protection. there is no division between these two sub-cavities (word i made up)
28
ventral cavity (includes 2 cavities)
divided into abdominopelvic and thoracic cavity by diaphragm
29
mediastinum
area between the lungs containing heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea
30
pleural cavities
portion of thoracic cavity containing lungs
31
serosa
epithelial tissue protecting ventral cavity
32
serous fluid
lubricates serosae
33
pleura
serosae of pleural cavities
34
pericardium
serosa of the heart
35
peritoneum
serosa of the abdominopelvic cavity
36
functions of the skeleton
support, attachment, movement, protection, hematopoiesis (blood cell production), storage (of minerals)
37
sections of vertebrae and their numbers
7 Cervical, 12 Thoracic, 5 Lumbar, 5 Sacral, 4 coccygeal
38
diaphysis, epiphysis, and metaphysis
of LONG bone: diaphysis is the long shaft of the bone, epiphysis is the knob-like end, and metaphysis is the area between the two
39
medullary cavity
cavity inside the bone containing yellow marrow (fat cells)
40
foramen/foramina
foramen magnum is the opening in the skull allowing spinal cord to enter, other foramina connect blood/lymph vessels to medullary cavity
41
ligament
FIBROUS connective tissue that connects bones together
42
compact bone
dense, hard bone usually found in the outer layers of the bone
43
spongy bone
made up of a lattice of bone, the spaces are filled with red marrow where hematopoeisis occurs
44
4 major bone shapes
long (e.g. femur) short (e.g. carpal) flat (e.g. skull) irregular (e.g. vertebra)
45
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
osteoblasts deposit bone and osteoclasts remove it (remember this with the word iconoclast - someone who destroys icons of tradition)
46
hematopoiesis
blood cell formation in red marrow. erythropoeisis is of course production of red blood cells
47
atlas and axis bone
atlas bone (C1) allows skull to nod, axis bone (C2) allows shaking the head
48
articular facets
where vertebrae articulate with other bones
49
spinosus process
where muscles attach to vertebrae
50
extensor/flexor
flexors decrease angle of joint, extensors increase it (extend the limb or digit)
51
abductor/adductor
abductors move a bone away from the midline (it's like theyre abducting it and kidnapping it away lol) and adductors move it back toward the midline
52
levator/depressor
levators make an upward movement, depressors make a downward movement
53
supinator/pronator
supinator turn the palm upwards or inwards, pronators turn it down or out
54
sphincter
muscle that decreases the size of an opening
55
tensor
make part of the body more rigid (???) stabilize the body by contracting/tensing?
56
rotator
move a bone around
57
tidal volume
amount of air that moves into and out of lungs during normal breathing
58
inspiratory reserve volume
extra volume of air that can be inhaled on top of tidal volume
59
expiratory reserve volume
extra volume that can be exhaled beyond tidal volume
60
vital capacity
total air that can be exhaled after filling lungs to the max
61
residual volume
volume remaining in lungs even after extreme exhalation
62
state of internal/external intercostals during in/exhalation
external contract during inhalation, and internal contract during exhalation
63
hemoglobin
the protein in erythrocytes to which oxygen bonds
64
CO poisoning
CO bonds more readily to hemoglobin than oxygen does, leading to hypoxia
65
layers of arteries + veins vs capillaries
arteries and veins have an elastic outer layer, a muscular layer, and and an endothelial layer. Capillaries only have the endothelial layer
66
COMPARE arteries and veins: function, internal diameter, muscle tissue, elastic tissue, and blood pressure
Arteries carry blood away from the heart and have narrow diameters, stronger muscle tissue that contracts with systole, and are more elastic and under higher pressure. Veins carry blood toward the heart and have wider diameters, weaker muscle, and are less elastic and under less pressure
67
fibrinogen
protein in blood involved in forming clots
68
plasma
the liquid portion of blood (so, not including blood cells)
69
serum albumin
protein in blood responsible for normal blood-tissue relationship during absorption
70
serum globulin
blood protein that gives rise to antibodies
71
erythrocyte
red blood cell. non-nucleated cell manufactured in red bone marrow. carry O2 to and CO2 from body cells using hemoglobin. they move passively with blood flow
72
leucocyte
granular-looking white blood cell originating in red bone marrow. engulfs foreign particles to digest them and only lives a few hours to days. they use amoeboid movement throughout body tissues
73
lymphocyte
white blood cells with non-lobed nucleus and does not appear granular. originates in thymus or red blood marrow and is responsible for forming antibodies. they move passively with blood flow
74
thrombocyte
tiny irregular blood cell with non-lobed nucleus originating in red bone marrow and lungs. responsible for clotting blood and move passively with blood flow
75
2 main functions of circulatory system
distribute materials (CO2, O2, nutrients, hormones) back and forth between body cells and outside world control body temperature
76
OPEN circulatory system
a circulatory system in which "blood", known as hemolymph,, flows freely in body cavity and makes direct contact with organs. there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid. there is a single dorsal vessel with chambers that acts as a heart. Arthropods have this system
77
CLOSED circulatory system
Blood is contained in vessels, following a single defined path separated from other tissues. Humans have this system
78
epicardium
outer layer of the wall of the heart, composed of connective tissue covered by epithelium.
79
myocardium
middle layer of the heart wall, composed of cardiac muscle that contracts to pump blood
80
endocardium
inner layer of the heart, consisting of smooth epithelium and connective tissue. it is continuous with the blood vessels.
81
purkinje fibre
nervous tissue located in endocardium which participates in contraction of heart muscles
82
sinoatrial node function
a section of NODAL tissue in the upper wall of the right atrium, referred to as the pacemaker of the heart because it both contracts and generates impulses that travel throughout the entire heart and induce contraction
83
atrioventricular node function
section of nodal tissue on the right side of the atrial septum. it delays impulses from the sinoatrial node before passing it to the ventricles, allowing the atria time to contract first.
84
systole vs diastole
systole, the numerator in a blood pressure reading, is the contraction of ventricles. diastole, the denominator, is the contraction of atria
85
2 types of non-macromolecule dietary things and their functions
vitamins and minerals, which help forming bone, immune function, growth, nerve signals, etc.
86
mechanical digestion
digestion by physically breaking food into smaller pieces, such as by chewing or contraction of stomach muscles
87
chemical digestion
digestion by hydrolyzing macromolecules into more simple ones, such as with enzymes
88
variation of digestive tract length between organisms
animals that need to digest plant matter generally have longer digestive tracts because cellulose takes a long time to digest
89
teeth
responsible for most physical digestion, breaking food into smaller chunks with more surface area for enzyme action
90
salivary glands
parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands release saliva which moistens, dissolves, and lubricates food, along with producing amylase
91
tongue
push food under teeth and shape it into a bolus for swallowing
92
esophagus
contains layers of muscle for peristalsis to move bolus to stomach, mucous glandular secretions allow smooth passage
93
stomach + layers of muscle, gland cells, mucus lining function
has transverse/longitudinal, oblique, and circular muscle layers to churn for physical digestion, gland cells secrete HCl and pepsin to chemically digest protein. mucus lining protects the stomach from these secretions
94
small intestine
smooth muscle moves food through peristalsis and glands secrete various enzymes for chemical digestion. equipped with villi for improved surface area and capillaries are very close to the surface for absorption
95
liver/bile
in digestion, liver produces bile which is stored in the gallbladder and then released into duodenum to emulsify lipids to give them more surface area for enzymes
96
pancreas
releases sodium bicarbonate into duodenum to (roughly) neutralize acidic chyme, enzymes chemically digest all nutrients
97
villus
a small projection on the inner surface of the small intestine, villi increase its surface area and have capillaries very close to the surface to make absorption more efficient
98
large intestine
contains bacteria to digest certain substances, re-absorbs water to produce feces, and produces vitamin K
99
mesentery
fan-shaped fold of peritoneum (epithelial tissue) attached to most of the small intestine. contains many blood vessels for absorbed nutrients
100
amylase
enzyme produced in pancreas and salivary glands that hydrolyzes starch and glycogen into maltose
101
maltase, lactase, sucrase
produced in the jejunum, these 3 enzymes break their dedicated disaccharide into its monosaccharide components
102
lipase
produced in the pancreas, this enzyme breaks triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol
103
pepsin
produced in the stomach and functioning at very low pH, this enzyme breaks protein into peptides
104
trypsin/chymotrypsin
produced in the pancreas, these enzymes break small polypeptides into even smaller polypeptides
105
peptidase
produced in jejunum, this enzyme breaks peptides into even smaller peptides and amino acids
106
periosteum
membrane of connective tissue surrounding all parts of LONG bone that aren't covered by articular cartilage
107
ossification
gradual conversion of cartilage and other tissue into bone, such as fusing of the sacrum between 18-25
108
articular cartilage
a frictionless surface for bones to articulate at (hence the name)
109
synarthrosis
a fixed joint such as between bones of skull TIP TO REMEMBER - "syn" like synthesis because they became one 🧠🧠🧠
110
amphiarthrosis
a semi-movable joint, like between vertebrae. TIP TO REMEMBER - amphi- means both, like amphibians that can be land or water
111
diarthrosis
a fully movable joint, like knee. they are SYNOVIAL - joint contains synovial fluid
112
types of joints and examples of them
ball and socket - pelvis to femur saddle - thumb ellipsoidal - base of fingers hinge joint - knee gliding joint - some bones in the wrists pivot joint - axis bone (C2)
113
3 arties of aortic arch, from right to left
brachiocephalic artery, l. carotid artery, l. subclavian artery
114
semilunar valve
the valves connecting aorta and pulmonary trunk to l. and r. ventricles respectively
115
pulmonary ARTERIES vs pulmonary VEINS
pulmonary arteries carry blood AWAY from the left ventricle to the lungs, pulmonary veins carry blood BACK to the r. atrium from the lungs
116
pulmonary vs systemic circulation
pulmonary circulation goes from the l. ventricle to the r. atrium, carrying blood to the lungs and back. the systemic circulatory loop carries blood to the rest of the body and back again.

Plumbum Institute of Biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions