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Physiology Q3 > Internal Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Internal Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

80% of vessel length is in the ______

All blood vessels except for capillaries contain how many Tunica layers? describe the layers from innermost to outermost

A

capillaries

  1. tunica intima = Endothelium, subendothelial layer, internal elastic membrane
  2. Tunica media= smooth muscle +elastic membrane
  3. Tunica externa= collagen fibers, vasa vasorum
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2
Q

How does blood distribution differ to the heart, digestive organs, brain, and skeletal muscles?

A

distribution to the brain does not change
distribution to the digestive organs decreases with exercise
to the brain also decreases with exercise
increases to skeletal muscles with exercise

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3
Q

Elastic arteries also called _____ arteries are found near the ______and conduct blood to the ______ arteries. They have the largest ______ and contain the most _______ tissue

A 
conducting
heart
muscular
diameter 
elastic
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4
Q

Muscular arteries also called _______ arteries have the same wall thickness as _______ and deliver blood to specific _______. Their makeup contains more _______ than elastic arteries making them more active in vaso________ and less _______

A 
distributing
elastic arteries
organs
smooth muscle
vasoconstriction
Distensible (stretchable)
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5
Q

The smallest of the arteries are the _______ they control blood flow to the ______ and are therefore also called ______ arteries.
Their lumen diameter varies in response to changing ______, _______, and _______ influences

A

arterioles
capillary beds
resistance
neural, hormonal, and chemical

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6
Q

describe the general tissue make-up of elastic arteries, muscular arteries, and arterioles

A

Smooth muscle>Elastic tissue>fibrous tissue>endothelium

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7
Q

______ are the smallest and thinnest blood vessel. They consist of ______tissue only, however they contain ____ which stabilize the capillary wall and control permeability.
______ and _____ have a poor capillary supply, _____ and ______ lack capillaries completely.

A 
capillaries
endothelium
pericytes
tendons and ligaments
cartilage and epithelia
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8
Q

capillaries unite to form _____, the smallest of which are called _______ and consist entirely of _____and pericytes and are very _____ for fluid exchange.
The larger ones are made up of ___>____>___, they do not contain any _____ tissue.

A 
venules
postcapillary venules
endothelium
porous
fibrous>smooth muscle>endothelium
elastic
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9
Q

Venules unite to form _____ also called blood _____ because they hold up to _____% of the body’s blood supply at any time, They have a thin tunica _____ and a very thick tunica _____, their large lumen reduces _____ resulting in a low blood pressure.
The makeup of veins is:
______>_____>______>______

A

veins
reservoirs
65%
media (very little elastic tissue and smooth muscle)
externa (rich in collagen fibers)
resistance
Fibrous tissue> smooth muscle> Endothelium> Elastic tissue

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10
Q

What kind of adaptations do veins have that allow them to pump blood back to the heart at the same rate that it is pumped into the circulation?

A

Large diameter lumens (less resistance to blood flow)

venous valves

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11
Q

Describe the 3 types of capillaries (permeability, where they are found)

A
  1. Continuous capillaries= The least permeable and MOST COMMON type of capillary. Found in skin, muscles, lungs, CNS.
  2. Fenestrated capillaries= Large pores, very high permeability. Found in areas of high filtration or absorption: kidneys, small intestines, endocrine glands.
  3. Sinusoid capillaries= Have an incomplete basement membrane which makes the THE MOST PERMEABLE. Found in: liver, bone marrow, spleen, adrenal medulla.
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12
Q

When pre-capillary sphincters are open blood flows through the _______
when pre-capillary sphincters are closed, blood flow through ________

A 
true capillaries (goes to tissue cells)
metarteriole thoroughfare channel (shunt) and bypasses the tissue cells
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13
Q

At rest the largest percent of blood flow goes to _____ and during exercise to _______

A

the abdominal organs (20-25%)

the skeletal muscles

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14
Q

arterial anastomose provide alternative pathways for blood flow called ______.
They occur mostly around ______, ______, ______, and _______
But _______, ______, and _______ either do not anastomose or have a poorly developed collateral
circulation.
________ anastomoses are more abundant .

A

collateral channels
joints, abdominal organs, heart, and brain
Retina, kidneys, and spleen
venous

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15
Q

precapillary sphincters of the metarterioles generate _______ which in turn controls _____

A

resistance

blood pressure

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16
Q

Describe the 4 types of transport mechanisms to and from the capillaries and for which type substances each one is meant for

A
  1. Diffusion through membrane= Lipid soluble substances only
  2. Movement through intercellular cleft= Water soluble amino acids and sugars
  3. Movement through fenestrations= water soluble substances
  4. Transport via vesicles or caveolae = Large substances
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17
Q

The greater the ______ the slower the _____ of blood flow.

A

cross-sectional area

velocity

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18
Q

Tissues regulate their own blood flow by varying the _____ of their arterioles which is done by two intrinsic control mechanisms: ______ and _____

A

resistance

metabolic and myogenic

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19
Q

Describe the metabolic control mechanisms for blood flow (O2, NO, Endothelin, inflammatory chemicals)

A

When there is insufficient tissue perfusion, wastes like (H, CO2, K) accumulate and there is a deficiency of O2 . These factors either directly stimulate the vascular smooth muscle to relax or stimulate release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells which is a powerful vasodilator.

When the blood flow is too high endothelium releases endothelin which is a strong vasoconstrictor

Inflammation from injury, infection, or allergies releases histamine, kinins, and
prostaglandins which also vasodilate the vessels

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20
Q

Explain myogenic control mechanism for blood flow

A

vascular smooth muscle responds to passive stretch (produced by an increase in intravascular pressure) by increasing its tone and resisting that stretch with vasoconstriction
When there is no stretch the smooth muscle relaxes and vasodilates the vessel

21
Q

Extrinsic mechanisms control bloodflow via _____ or ______ to maintain ______ arterial pressure and to redistribute blood during exercise and _________

A

Nervous system
hormones
mean
thermoregulation

22
Q

Describe the neuronal and hormonal vasodilators

A

Neuronal: decrease in sympathetic tone (activation of parasympathetic NS)
hormonal: Atrial natriuretic peptide (excretion of sodium and water follows or through direct vasodilation)

23
Q

Describe the neuronal and hormonal vasoconstrictors

A

Neuronal: Increased sympathetic tone
Hormonal: Angiotensin II, Antidiuretic hormone, epinephrine, norepinephrine

24
Q

What is reactive hyperemia?

A

Dramatic increase of blood flow to tissue after a blockage of blood supply resulting from both the metabolic and myogenic responses

25
Q

What is long term auto-regulation of blood flow?

A

High demand for nutrition stimulates angiogenesis = number of blood vessels increases and existing vessels enlarge

26
Q

Hydrostatic pressure _____ and colloid osmotic pressure ______
Hydrostatic pressure is present in the _____ of the capillary bed and colloid osmotic pressure is due to the build up of _____ in the _______ of the capillary bed

A 
pushes
sucks
metarterioles
solutes
venules
27
Q

The hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid is maintained at approximately ______mmHg
Net filtration pressure is the NET _____ acting on the capillary bed.
When the net filtration pressure is positive it means that the ______ pressure is higher than the _______ pressure . When it is negative the _______pressure is higher than the ________ pressure and more fluid is in the _______ than in the ________

A 
0
force
Hydrostatic
colloid osmotic 
colloid osmotic
hydrostatic 
vessels
interstitial space
28
Q

Approximately ____L of fluid a day is removed from the interstitial space by venules and ____L a day by the lymphatic capillaries.
Lymphatic capillaries contain _____ which are highly permeable to interstitial fluid and larger ______, they open when the pressure in the interstitial space ______.

A 
17L (90%)
3L (10%)
flaplike mini-valves
proteins
increases
29
Q

the lymphatic capillaries bring the fluid tot he lymphatic ____ vessels which then bring the fluid to the lymph ______ where the fluid is ______ and where a collection T cells and B cells detect ______ and ______ and can start an immune _______

A 
collecting
nodes
cleaned
bacteria
viruses
response
30
Q

After the lymph nodes the fluid passes through the lymph _____ and then the lymph ______ where it is returned to the ______ system.
______ lymph capillaries absorb fats and fat soluble vitamins from the _____ and into the bloodstream

A 
trunk
duct
venous
lacteal
intestines
31
Q

what are the 2 lymphatic ducts? which one receives lymph drainage from the majority of the body?
Which veins does each drain into?

A
  1. Right lymphatic duct (drains lymph from the right upper limb, right side of thorax and right halves of head and neck)
  2. The Thoracic duct (drains lymph from both lower limbs, abdomen (except the convex area of the liver), left hemithorax, left upper limb and left side of face and neck)

Most of the lymph drainage enters the thoracic duct.

The thoracic duct drains into the left subclavian and internal jugular veins
The right lymphatic duct drains into the right subclavian and internal jugular veins

32
Q

What are 3 mechanisms of lymph transport throughout the body?

A
  1. Skeletal muscle pump (milking action)
  2. Lymphatic valves
  3. Pressure changes in thorax
33
Q

What are the 4 major functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Returning excess fluid to the blood
  2. returning leaked proteins into the blood
  3. Carrying pathogens to the lymph nodes
  4. Carrying absorbed fat from intestines into the blood stream via lacteals
34
Q

A disbalance of fluid pressures results in an _______.

Explain how a high blood volume can cause an edema

A

Edema

  1. High blood volume= High blood pressure = High hydrostatic pressure = Increase in fluid diffusion into interstitial space= Fluid build-up in interstitial space = Edema
35
Q

Explain how a venous block can result in an edema

A
  1. Venous block from thrombosis, pregnancy, or varicose veins = blockage of venous blood flow to heart = Low osmotic pressure and high hydrostatic pressure= fluid buildup in interstitial space= edema
36
Q

Explain how Hypoproteinemia can result in an edema

A
  1. Hypoproteinemia from kidney pathology, or deficiency in diet = low osmotic pressure = fluid build up in interstitial space= Edema
37
Q

Explain how Increased capillary permeability results in an edema

A
  1. Increased capillary permeability from inflammation= More plasma proteins leaving the blood vessel= Osmotic pressure IN INTERSTITIAL SPACE draws more fluid out of the vessels than back in= fluid builds up in interstitial space = Edema
38
Q

Explain how blockage of lymph drainage results in edema

A
  1. Blockage of lymph drainage which can result from surgical removal of lymph nodes (cancer) = Decreased drainage of interstitial fluid = Increased fluid build up in interstitial space= Edema
39
Q

Lymphoid tissues consist of _____ connective tissue which houses _______cytes and their activation + proliferation centers.
Primary lymphoid organs include ____ and ______ where B or T cells mature
Secondary lymphoid organs are lymph _____, spleen, and MALT = _____ _____ _____ _____

A

Reticular
lymphocytes
Thymus and Red bone marrow

Nodes
Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue (Peyers patches, appendix, tonsils)

40
Q

The most important secondary lymphoid organs in the body are the _______. They cleanse the lymph of ________, and are the site of ____ activation and proliferation during an _______

A

lymphoid nodules
micro-organisms
lymphocyte
inflammation

41
Q

The______ cleanses the blood and removes defective/aged blood cells. It is the storage place for ____, ____, and _____
it is also the site of lymphocyte _____ and ____

A

Spleen
platelets, monocytes, and iron
Proliferation and activation

42
Q

________ tissue prevents pathogens from penetrating the mucous membrane
Lymphocyte ______ and _____ occurs here as well

A

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

activation and proliferation

43
Q

______ is the site of __-Cell maturation but deactivates and becomes ______ tissue at around 12 years of age

A

Thymus
T-cell
fibrous

44
Q

What is the function of red bone marrow?

A

to produce T and B cells

matures B cells

45
Q

what are the functions veins

A

transport of blood back to the heart
reservoir functions (60%)
stretch to hold more blood- Capicity

46
Q

What is a surgical treatment for varicose veins in the lower limb?

A

Stripping of the superficial great saphenous vein

47
Q

What is the major difference between deep and superficial veins that contributes to varicose veins?

A

The superficial veins run through the connective tissue layers unlike the deep veins which run through the muscle layers. Due to this, the superficial veins lack the force of muscular contractions to push the blood up against gravity.

48
Q

where do the superficial veins drain into?

What are the two major superficial veins in the lower limb? where do they run?

A

into the deep veins via the perforating veins

  1. Great saphenous vein= forms at the dorsum of the foot and runs anterior to medial malleolus and then anterior medially towards the knee and slightly posteriorly closer to the knee and then anteromedially to the saphenous hiatus where it drains into the femoral vein
  2. Smaller saphenous vein= Passes under the lateral malleolus and runs up the posterior calf until it pierces the deep fascia and drains into the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa
49
Q

What is the difference between transudate and exudate? when would you see each one?

A

Transudate is when the interstitial fluid has low count pf proteins and cells, this usually happens with a high hydrostatic pressure and low osmotic pressure.
Exudate is when the interstitial fluid is rich in cells and proteins, this usually occurs during an inflammatory response when the vessels become more “leaky” and more proteins and cells can EXit the capillaries

Physiology Q3 (5 decks)

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