Internal and External War Flashcards
How did Danton attempt to justify the war based on land? - Internal and External War
Danton justified the war effort by proclaiming the old doctrine of the ‘natural frontiers’ forming France’s borders. This included the Alps, the Rhine and the Pyrenees.
In what month did Spain declare war on France and France annex the Republic of Mainz? - Internal and External War
Spain declared war on France and annexed the Republic of Mainz in March 1793.
When did France declare war on Great Britain and the United Provinces? - Internal and External War
France declared war on Great Britain and the United Provinces in February 1793.
Who were members of the First Coalition (participants of the War of the First Coalition against France) - Internal and External War
The First Coalition contained Austria, Piedmont-Sardinia, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, the United Provinces and Great Britain.
In what month/year did the Prussians take Verdun and the French win at the Battle of Valmy under Dumouriez? - Internal and External War
The French won the Battle of Valmy but had Verdun taken by the Prussians in September 1792.
In what month/year did the French take Mainz and Frankfurt and the Prussians retreat from Verdun and Longwy? - Internal and External War
The French took Mainz and Frankfurt as well as saw the Prussians withdraw from Longwy and Verdun in October 1792.
In what month/year were the French victorious at the Battle of Jemappes and take lands in the Austrian Netherlands? - Internal and External War
The French were victorious in the Battle of Jemappes and took lands in the Austrian Netherlands in November 1792.
In what month/year did France annex territory in the Rhine to form the Republic of Mainz? - Internal and External War
France annexed the Republic of Mainz from the Rhine in March 1793.
In what month/year did the Austrians begin to besiege the Republic of Mainz? - Internal and External War
The Austrians began to besiege the Republic of Mainz in April 1793.
In what month/year did the British begin to blockade French ports? What example is there of this? - Internal and External War
The British began blocking French ports in June 1793, such as Toulon.
In what month/year did the French withdraw from the Republic of Mainz, leading to it collapsing? - Internal and External War
The French withdrew from the Republic of Mainz in July 1793, with it collapsing as a result.
Where was the Vendée? Why was this ripe for anti-revolutionary action? - Internal and External War
The Vendée was an area in Western France, with it being largely rural, Catholic and strongly conservative. It also contained refractory priests.
What action by the Republic prompted the rising in the Vendée? - Internal and External War
The Republic issued a levy for 300,000 men to be raised to support the war effort.
When did the rising in the Vendée begin? - Internal and External War
The Vendée rising began in March 1793.
What was the name used for the army which rose up in the Vendée? What actions did this army use to express their opposition to the Republic? - Internal and External War
The army in the Vendée was called the Catholic and Royal Army, with it using violence and guerilla warfare, as well as massacres of officials, judging priests and the national guard.
How many men did the Convention send in May 1793 in an attempt to dispel the revolt in the Vendée? - Internal and External War
The Convention sent 30,000 troops to the Vendée in May 1793 in an attempt to reduce the rebellion in the area.
When did the Convention decree the destruction of the Vendée? - Internal and External War
The Convention decreed the Vendée’s destruction on the 1st August 1793.
How many soldiers did the Convention send to the Vendée in September 1793? When did this army begin to suppress the rebellion? - Internal and External War
The Convention sent 100,000 soldiers to the Vendée in September 1793, with this group not being fully successful until December.
In what year did the Republic begin to introduce extraordinary measures to enhance executive control? Why? - Internal and External War
The Republic introduced extraordinary measures in 1793, with these intended to increase the chance of winning the war as well as reassure the sans-culottes that their needs were being responded to.
When did the Convention introduce the Committee of General Security? What was the purpose of this body? - Internal and External War
The Committee of General Security (CGS) was introduced in October 1792. This was intended to take responsibility for policing and the administration of justice. Had to report to the Convention (centralisation of power).
What were representatives on mission? What was their role? - Internal and External War
Representatives on mission were pairs of officials sent to provinces. They ensured loyalty and effective running of départements, as well as public order and the loyalty of troops.
When was the Revolutionary Tribunal established? What were its roles and powers? - Internal and External War
The Revolutionary Tribunal was established in March 1793, with it intended to try counter-revolutionaries. Made up of five judges, a prosecutor and jurymen.
When was a revolutionary law passed that allowed the execution of rebels bearing arms within 24 hours? - Internal and External War
A revolutionary law was passed allowing the execution of rebels bearing arms within 24 hours in March 1793.
When was the Committee of Public Safety (CPS) established? What was its purpose? - Internal and External War
The CPS was established in April 1793, with this responsible for the conduct of war, control of the army, control of supplies and application of revolutionary wars.
What did the Sans Culottes demand with regards to price of goods as the war deteriorated? - Internal and External War
As the War effort deteriorated, the Sans-Culottes demanded price controls on basic goods.
By what percentage did food prices rise between 1791 and 1793? - Internal and External War
Food prices rose by 90% between 1791 and 1793.
When was an indictment issued for the arrest of Marat? What actions of Marat motivated this? - Internal and External War
An indictment for Marat’s arrest was issued on 12th April 1793, pressed for by the Girondins due to his attacks on Girondin political views.
When did 8000 sans-culottes surround the National Convention demanding price controls on bread? - Internal and External War
8000 sans-culottes surrounded the Convention on 3rd May 1793.
When did Robespierre pass a law allowing price controls on wheat and flour? What was this law known as? - Internal and External War
Robespierre passed a law controlling prices of wheat and flour in May 1793, with this law known as the First Law of the General Maximum.
On what date were the Girondins expelled from the National Convention? Why was this? - Internal and External War
The Girondins were expelled from the Convention on 2nd June 1793 after the Convention was surrounded by populist Sans-Culottes revolters.
How many sans-culottes surrounded the National Convention, leading to the expulsion of the Girondins? - Internal and External War
80-100,000 sans-culottes surrounded the Convention, forcing the Deputies to expel the Girondins.
What was the response of the départements to the expulsion of the Girondins from the Convention? What was this known as? - Internal and External War
The départements responded to the Girondin expulsion by revolting against the Republic, with this known as the Federalist Revolt.
When were Jacobin Leaders in Lyon forced from office in response to the Girondin expulsion? - Internal and External War
The Jacobin leaders in Lyons were forced from office on the 29th May 1793.
How many of the 83 départements protested against the Girondin expulsion? What examples are there of this? - Internal and External War
60 of the 83 départements were involved in the Federalist Revolt against the expulsions, including areas such as Lyons, Toulon, Marseilles and Bordeaux.
How did the people of Toulon advance their anti-revolutionary sentiment beyond the actions of other areas? - Internal and External War
Toulon merged their federalist revolt with royalist action, proclaiming Louis XVII as King of France. They also invited English and Spanish troops into the city.
Why was the Anglo-Spanish occupation of Toulon such a major problem? - Internal and External War
Toulon was a naval base, housing 1/3 of France’s available ships. This presented a problem as it reduced their ability to be used in conflict.
When was Toulon retaken by the French from occupation? Who aided this retaking of the port? - Internal and External War
Toulon was retaken in December 1793, largely down to the strategic planning of a young general, Napoleon Bonaparte.
What were some terms of the Jacobin Constitution? - Internal and External War
The Jacobin Constitution allowed universal male suffrage, allowed every man to express themselves through direct political action and stated that everyone should have access to work or state support if they were unable to work.
What issue was there with the Jacobin Constitution? - Internal and External War
The Jacobin Constitution, although approved by a huge majority at its plebiscite, was never put into practice due to the wartime situation.
