Internal and External War

Question 1

How did Danton attempt to justify the war based on land? - Internal and External War

Answer 1

Danton justified the war effort by proclaiming the old doctrine of the ‘natural frontiers’ forming France’s borders. This included the Alps, the Rhine and the Pyrenees.

Question 2

In what month did Spain declare war on France and France annex the Republic of Mainz? - Internal and External War

Answer 2

Spain declared war on France and annexed the Republic of Mainz in March 1793.

Question 3

When did France declare war on Great Britain and the United Provinces? - Internal and External War

Answer 3

France declared war on Great Britain and the United Provinces in February 1793.

Question 4

Who were members of the First Coalition (participants of the War of the First Coalition against France) - Internal and External War

Answer 4

The First Coalition contained Austria, Piedmont-Sardinia, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, the United Provinces and Great Britain.

Question 5

In what month/year did the Prussians take Verdun and the French win at the Battle of Valmy under Dumouriez? - Internal and External War

Answer 5

The French won the Battle of Valmy but had Verdun taken by the Prussians in September 1792.

Question 6

In what month/year did the French take Mainz and Frankfurt and the Prussians retreat from Verdun and Longwy? - Internal and External War

Answer 6

The French took Mainz and Frankfurt as well as saw the Prussians withdraw from Longwy and Verdun in October 1792.

Question 7

In what month/year were the French victorious at the Battle of Jemappes and take lands in the Austrian Netherlands? - Internal and External War

Answer 7

The French were victorious in the Battle of Jemappes and took lands in the Austrian Netherlands in November 1792.

Question 8

In what month/year did France annex territory in the Rhine to form the Republic of Mainz? - Internal and External War

Answer 8

France annexed the Republic of Mainz from the Rhine in March 1793.

Question 9

In what month/year did the Austrians begin to besiege the Republic of Mainz? - Internal and External War

Answer 9

The Austrians began to besiege the Republic of Mainz in April 1793.

Question 10

In what month/year did the British begin to blockade French ports? What example is there of this? - Internal and External War

Answer 10

The British began blocking French ports in June 1793, such as Toulon.

Question 11

In what month/year did the French withdraw from the Republic of Mainz, leading to it collapsing? - Internal and External War

Answer 11

The French withdrew from the Republic of Mainz in July 1793, with it collapsing as a result.

Question 12

Where was the Vendée? Why was this ripe for anti-revolutionary action? - Internal and External War

Answer 12

The Vendée was an area in Western France, with it being largely rural, Catholic and strongly conservative. It also contained refractory priests.

Question 13

What action by the Republic prompted the rising in the Vendée? - Internal and External War

Answer 13

The Republic issued a levy for 300,000 men to be raised to support the war effort.

Question 14

When did the rising in the Vendée begin? - Internal and External War

Answer 14

The Vendée rising began in March 1793.

Question 15

What was the name used for the army which rose up in the Vendée? What actions did this army use to express their opposition to the Republic? - Internal and External War

Answer 15

The army in the Vendée was called the Catholic and Royal Army, with it using violence and guerilla warfare, as well as massacres of officials, judging priests and the national guard.

Question 16

How many men did the Convention send in May 1793 in an attempt to dispel the revolt in the Vendée? - Internal and External War

Answer 16

The Convention sent 30,000 troops to the Vendée in May 1793 in an attempt to reduce the rebellion in the area.

Question 17

When did the Convention decree the destruction of the Vendée? - Internal and External War

Answer 17

The Convention decreed the Vendée’s destruction on the 1st August 1793.

Question 18

How many soldiers did the Convention send to the Vendée in September 1793? When did this army begin to suppress the rebellion? - Internal and External War

Answer 18

The Convention sent 100,000 soldiers to the Vendée in September 1793, with this group not being fully successful until December.

Question 19

In what year did the Republic begin to introduce extraordinary measures to enhance executive control? Why? - Internal and External War

Answer 19

The Republic introduced extraordinary measures in 1793, with these intended to increase the chance of winning the war as well as reassure the sans-culottes that their needs were being responded to.

Question 20

When did the Convention introduce the Committee of General Security? What was the purpose of this body? - Internal and External War

Answer 20

The Committee of General Security (CGS) was introduced in October 1792. This was intended to take responsibility for policing and the administration of justice. Had to report to the Convention (centralisation of power).

Question 21

What were representatives on mission? What was their role? - Internal and External War

Answer 21

Representatives on mission were pairs of officials sent to provinces. They ensured loyalty and effective running of départements, as well as public order and the loyalty of troops.

Question 22

When was the Revolutionary Tribunal established? What were its roles and powers? - Internal and External War

Answer 22

The Revolutionary Tribunal was established in March 1793, with it intended to try counter-revolutionaries. Made up of five judges, a prosecutor and jurymen.

Question 23

When was a revolutionary law passed that allowed the execution of rebels bearing arms within 24 hours? - Internal and External War

Answer 23

A revolutionary law was passed allowing the execution of rebels bearing arms within 24 hours in March 1793.

Question 24

When was the Committee of Public Safety (CPS) established? What was its purpose? - Internal and External War

Answer 24

The CPS was established in April 1793, with this responsible for the conduct of war, control of the army, control of supplies and application of revolutionary wars.

Question 25

What did the Sans Culottes demand with regards to price of goods as the war deteriorated? - Internal and External War

Answer 25

As the War effort deteriorated, the Sans-Culottes demanded price controls on basic goods.

Question 26

By what percentage did food prices rise between 1791 and 1793? - Internal and External War

Answer 26

Food prices rose by 90% between 1791 and 1793.

Question 27

When was an indictment issued for the arrest of Marat? What actions of Marat motivated this? - Internal and External War

Answer 27

An indictment for Marat’s arrest was issued on 12th April 1793, pressed for by the Girondins due to his attacks on Girondin political views.

Question 28

When did 8000 sans-culottes surround the National Convention demanding price controls on bread? - Internal and External War

Answer 28

8000 sans-culottes surrounded the Convention on 3rd May 1793.

Question 29

When did Robespierre pass a law allowing price controls on wheat and flour? What was this law known as? - Internal and External War

Answer 29

Robespierre passed a law controlling prices of wheat and flour in May 1793, with this law known as the First Law of the General Maximum.

Question 30

On what date were the Girondins expelled from the National Convention? Why was this? - Internal and External War

Answer 30

The Girondins were expelled from the Convention on 2nd June 1793 after the Convention was surrounded by populist Sans-Culottes revolters.

Question 31

How many sans-culottes surrounded the National Convention, leading to the expulsion of the Girondins? - Internal and External War

Answer 31

80-100,000 sans-culottes surrounded the Convention, forcing the Deputies to expel the Girondins.

Question 32

What was the response of the départements to the expulsion of the Girondins from the Convention? What was this known as? - Internal and External War

Answer 32

The départements responded to the Girondin expulsion by revolting against the Republic, with this known as the Federalist Revolt.

Question 33

When were Jacobin Leaders in Lyon forced from office in response to the Girondin expulsion? - Internal and External War

Answer 33

The Jacobin leaders in Lyons were forced from office on the 29th May 1793.

Question 34

How many of the 83 départements protested against the Girondin expulsion? What examples are there of this? - Internal and External War

Answer 34

60 of the 83 départements were involved in the Federalist Revolt against the expulsions, including areas such as Lyons, Toulon, Marseilles and Bordeaux.

Question 35

How did the people of Toulon advance their anti-revolutionary sentiment beyond the actions of other areas? - Internal and External War

Answer 35

Toulon merged their federalist revolt with royalist action, proclaiming Louis XVII as King of France. They also invited English and Spanish troops into the city.

Question 36

Why was the Anglo-Spanish occupation of Toulon such a major problem? - Internal and External War

Answer 36

Toulon was a naval base, housing 1/3 of France’s available ships. This presented a problem as it reduced their ability to be used in conflict.

Question 37

When was Toulon retaken by the French from occupation? Who aided this retaking of the port? - Internal and External War

Answer 37

Toulon was retaken in December 1793, largely down to the strategic planning of a young general, Napoleon Bonaparte.

Question 38

What were some terms of the Jacobin Constitution? - Internal and External War

Answer 38

The Jacobin Constitution allowed universal male suffrage, allowed every man to express themselves through direct political action and stated that everyone should have access to work or state support if they were unable to work.

Question 39

What issue was there with the Jacobin Constitution? - Internal and External War

Answer 39

The Jacobin Constitution, although approved by a huge majority at its plebiscite, was never put into practice due to the wartime situation.