intergroup relations and conflict Flashcards
Define intergroup behaviour
-Feelings that a group has towards another group
Define relative deprivation
-Important precondition for intergroup aggression
-Sense that we have less than what we are entitled to
-Gap between expectations and attainments
-Crucial for intergroup aggression
Define egoistic relative deprivation
-Feel like we have less than entitled to
-Personal aspirations
Define fraternalistic relative deprivation
-Feels like our group has les sth what it is entitled to
-Collective aspirations
-Social unrest
-Doesn’t automatically cause competition, there are other factors involved
Define ethnocentrism
-Evaluating other cultures according to our stereotypes that we have of our own culture
-Evaluative preference
Define minimal group paradigm
-Experimental methodology to investigate effect of social categorisation alone on behaviour
Define social identity
-Part of self concept
-Derived from membership of social groups
What did Berowitz (1962) find?
-Intergroup prejudice and discriminatory behaviours function of both aversive events and aggressive associations
What is the first stage of collective violence?
-Relative deprivation
What is the second stage of collective violence?
-Frustration
What is the third stage of collective violence?
-Aversive environmental condition amplify frustration
What is the fourth stage of collective violence?
-Individual acts of aggression
What is the fifth stage of collective violence?
Acts are exacerbated by aggressive stimuli e.g. police
What is the sixth stage of collective violence?
-More widespread and assumes role of dominant response
What is the seventh stage of collective violence?
-Spreads rapidly through social facilitation process
What is the eighth stage of collective violence?
-Collective violence occurs
What did Runciman (1966) suggest that the two types of relative deprivation were?
-Egoistic relative deprivation
-Fraternalistic relative deprivation
What is realistic conflict theory - Sherif (1966)?
-Groups compete for scarce resources
-Conflict arises
What is the first stage?
1: Spontaneous friendship formation
-Arrived at camp and took part in different activities where they gained friendship
What is the second stage?
2: In group and norm formation
-Divided into 2 groups
-Become isolated and living in different places
-Developed norms and status differences
What is the third stage?
3: Intergroup competition
-Competitive games creating competition and hostility
-Ethnocentric attitudes
What is the fourth stage?
4: Intergroup cooperation
-Superordinate goals e.g. broken down truck
-Had to cooperate
-Lead to reduction in intergroup conflict
What did Brewer and Campbell (1976) find?
-Greater derogation of proximal tribal groups
-Competition for resources
What did Fisher (1990, 2005) find?
-Establish superordinate goals can reduce intergroup conflict between communities and nations
What is Tajfel (1971) minimal group experiment?
-Ppts put into 2 groups (arbitrary selection), based on what paintings they like
-Only knew own group membership
-Asked to allocate coins to others
-Showed in group favouritism = despite no history or self interest
What did Billig and Tajfel (1973) suggest in their replication?
-Random allocation to X/Y toss of coin (more arbitrary)
-Eliminated possibility of ppts inferring that people in same group interpersonally similar to one another because of artist preference
-Mere allocation created in group favouritism and competitive behaviours
What is social identity theory?
-Self categorisation
-Social comparison
-Construction of shared self definition
-Positive distinctiveness and self enhancement
What improvements can be made to realistic conflict theory?
-If they fail to achieve it then it could make the situation worse
How can the contact hypothesis act as an improvement?
-Members of opposing groups being brought together improving prejudice and discrimination
-Should be prolonged and involve cooperative activity
-Contact between people of equal social status
-Occur within framework of official/institutional support
