Interdisciplinary

Question 1

Stewart - theories on dreams

Answer 1

Interesting as people in REM lack meta-consciousness, making it different to waking definitions

Post-Freudian thought features models that dreams uses experiences of the past to predict the future

Question 2

Stewart - 1830s dreaming

Answer 2

1831 - 3 shepherds instructed in dream by Panagia to dig for an icon depicting her

1835 - 2 visionaries dug at Argokoili - found bones as promised in dream

1836 - Maggioros, an oneirokrite, led to finding of 3 icons, 1 more later that month

Question 3

Stewart - 1830s basis of dreaming

Answer 3

War of Independence against the Ottomans (from 1821)

Placement of a new monarch (Otto) on the throne in 1833, his Catholicism clashing with venerable Orthodox institutions

Icon also discovered on nearby Tinos in 1823 and church erected for the Panagia

Question 4

Stewart - 1930s dreaming

Answer 4

Katerina and Nikiphoros Legaki dreamed of St Anne telling them to remove Panagia icon from landlord’s icon stand - brought it back to mountain

Cult of dreaming arose, children organised by Evdokia and met daily

Date for finding icon of St Anne resulting in monastery and prosperity moved further and further back

No icons ever found

Question 5

Stewart - 1930s basis of dreaming

Answer 5

Children still ruminating on historic events, ‘active historiography’ in which concern carried into sleep

Also economic issue as crucial emery mines declined - 1924 declared ‘national property’, 1929 depression

Anxious discussion of emery mines had penetrated the minds of anxious children

Question 6

Stewart - church response

Answer 6

Bishop of Paros and Naxos at first blessed the excavation site with holy water

1830s synods curtailed excavations - dreams became incitement to break law

Authorities removed icons, failed to prosecute charismatic movement

Eventually consecrated church in 1851

Question 7

Stewart - what can be learned from this case?

Answer 7

Children failed at predicting the future, but diagnosed the present

1930 dreams generated myth, reacting to an earlier myth

Clearly diachronic interaction between myths and dreams of lost icons stretching back through history

Question 8

Relander - birth of the dreamer religion

Answer 8

Smowhala born around 1815, soon travelled to Solemn Hills for a vision

Awoke with new song and power - added new rituals to old religion fragments

Washat dance developed later, after the death of daughter (Anh) - wore feathers to show climbing up

Became Washani religion

Question 9

Relander - promise of the dreamer religion

Answer 9

Promised the daw of a new day, a resurrection of Nami Piap, leading to the overthrow of the greedy ones

Each successive promise seen as promise of fulfilment of visions, strengthened faith

Question 10

Relander - reason for popularity of religion

Answer 10

Ripe time - expeditions in 1805 and 1811 showed encroachment of white men

Fear that white men represented fulfilment of old apocalyptic prophecies of retribution - Smowhala delivered needed hope

Question 11

Relander - rights wanted by Wanapums

Answer 11

Wanted to choose their own locations as the whites did

Soon hopelessly entangled in workings of government - neighbouring Chief Wolf of the Palouse went bankrupt pursuing justice

Question 12

Relander - Moses’ story

Answer 12

Moved in 1879 to 2000sq mile reservation

2 men examined government given boulder

Broke showing silver and gold - they claimed outside belonged to him, and inside to them

Question 13

Relander - decline of dreamer religion

Answer 13

Eventually crumbled under overwhelming military might and inrushing land-mad tide of immigration

Smowhala’s power slowly decline, with his once strong band of 2000 river people slowly leaving for the life of the white man

Soon lack of food forced people to farm a little, slowly evicted from lands, last time in Priest Rapids in 1942 for government damn

Question 14

Relander - nature of the book

Answer 14

Conveyed by oral testimony in 1960s of last 4 Wannapums

Puck Hyah Toot last one who understands the religion

Uses oral sources and references them with military reports to be accurate and capture paternalistic attitude

Fascinating ethnography, detailing customs

Question 15

Relander - Indian Agent oppression

Answer 15

From 1861, James Wilbur oppressed them

Faith dominated his life - only allowed converted Methodists to access aid

Question 16

Fairley - religious change in AAs

Answer 16

First 200 years of history in USA, majority of enslaved population practiced some variation of African religions

Most didn’t convert to Christianity until 19th century, so pagan customs like ritual dances initially incorporated

Came under attack by educated members of the clergy in the early 20th century

Question 17

Fairley - change in veneration

Answer 17

Dancing was veneration, but soon occurred in dreams after church repression

Many AA descendants consider oneiric information important, especially the ancestral dream, tending to contain advice

Question 18

Sansom - cause of dreams

Answer 18

White men gutting fish on the edge of the river, clashing with Aboriginal beliefs

1970s government extermination of buffalos from gunships to stop disease spreading

Question 19

Sansom - dreams and their importance

Answer 19

Dreams of fish and nocturnal buffalos who survived emerged

Way of ‘contesting whitefella paradigms’ and reasserting Aboriginal worldview

Question 20

Manning - cause of more dreams and scrutiny

Answer 20

In 17th century Spain due to economic pressures (more privateer raids) and deaths in the royal family which challenged stability

Question 21

Manning - dreams as part of religion

Answer 21

Illuminism stressed the individual’s direct interaction with the divine through visions, valuing them over formal religious rituals