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IPE > Intercultural Comm > Flashcards

Intercultural Comm Flashcards

1
Q

demographics

A

the characteristics of a population, classified by race, ethnicity, age, sex, and income.

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2
Q

ethnocentrism

A

a tendency to think that your own culture is superior to other cultures.

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3
Q

heterogeneous

A

differences in a group, culture, or population

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4
Q

homogeneous

A

similarities in a group, culture, or population

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5
Q

diversity

A

the quality of being different

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6
Q

anglocentrism

A

using white cultural standards as the criteria for interpretations & judgements of behaviors & attitudes

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7
Q

melting pot

A

a metaphor that assume that immigrants & cultural minorities will be assimilated into the U.S. majority culture, losing their original cultures

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8
Q

nativistic

A

extremely patriotic, anti-immigrant

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9
Q

multinational coporations

A

companies that have operations in 2 or more nations

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10
Q

maquiladoras

A

assembly plants or factories established on the U.S.-Mexico border & mainly using Mexican labor.

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11
Q

global village

A

a world in which communication technology unites people in remote parts of the world.

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12
Q

diasporic groups

A

ethnic and/or national groups that are geographically dispersed throughout the world.

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13
Q

identity management

A

the way individuals make sense of their multiple images concerning the sense of self in different social contexts

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14
Q

cultural capital

A

certain bodies of cultural knowledge & cultural competencies

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15
Q

colonialism

A

(1) the system by which groups with diverse languages, cultures, religions, and identities were united to form one state. (2) the system by which a country maintains power over other countries or groups of people trying to exploit them economically, politically, and culturally

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16
Q

ethics

A

principles of conduct that help govern behaviors of individuals and groups

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17
Q

dialogical approach

A

focuses on the importance of dialogue in developing and maintaining relationships between individuals and communities

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18
Q

self-reflexity

A

a process of learning to understand oneself and one’s position in society

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19
Q

cultural humility

A

being aware of one’s cultural limitations and taking an “other oriented approach” in intercultural encounters

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20
Q

immigrants

A

people who come to a new country, region, or environment to settle more or less permanently

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21
Q

worldview

A

underlying assumptions about the nature of reality and human behavior

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22
Q

proxemics

A

the study of how people use personal space

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23
Q

distance zones

A

the area, defined by physical space, within which people interact, according to Edward Halls theory of proxemics. The four distance zones for individuals are intimate, personal, social, and public

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24
Q

cross-cultural training

A

training people to become familiar with other cultural norms and to improve their interactions with people of different domestic and international cultures

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25
Q

diversity training

A

training meant to facilitate intercultural communication among various gender, ethnic, and racial groups in the U.S.

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26
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A

the assumption that language shapes our ideas and guides our view of social reality.

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27
Q

intercultural competence

A

the ability to behave effectively and appropriately in interacting across cultures

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28
Q

interdisciplinary

A

integrating knowledge from different disciplines in conducting research and constructing theory

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29
Q

paradigm

A

a frame work that serves as the worldview of researchers. different paradigms assume different interpretations of reality, human behavior, culture, and communication

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30
Q

perception

A

the process by which individuals select, organize, and interpret external and internal stimuli to create their view of the world

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31
Q

social science approach

A

a study of intercultural communication based on the assumptions that there is a describable, external reality, human behaviors are predictable, and culture is a variable that can be measured. this approach aims to identify and explain cultural variations in communication and predict future communication

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32
Q

quantitative methods

A

research methods that use numerical indicators to capture and ascertain the relationships among variables. use survey and observations

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33
Q

variable

A

a concept that varies by existing in different types or different amounts. can be measured and operationalized

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34
Q

anxiety uncertainty management theory

A

the view that the reduction of anxiety and uncertainty plays an important role in successful intercultural communication

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35
Q

face negotiation theory

A

the view that cultural groups vary in preferences for conflict styles and face saving strategies

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36
Q

conversational constraints theory

A

the view that cultural groups vary in their fundamental concerns regarding how conversational messages should be constructed

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37
Q

communication accommodation theory

A

the view that individuals adjust their verbal communication to facilitate understanding

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38
Q

diffusion of innovations theory

A

the view that communication and relationships play important roles in how new ideas are adopted

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39
Q

individualistic

A

the tendency to emphasize individuals identities, beliefs, needs, goals, and views

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40
Q

collectivistic

A

the tendency to focus on the goals, needs, and views of the ingroup

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41
Q

translation equivalence

A

the linguistic sameness that is gained after translating and back-translating research materials several times using different translators

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42
Q

conceptual equivalence

A

the similarity of linguistic terms and meanings across cultures

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43
Q

interpretive approach

A

aims to understand and describe human behavior within specific cultural groups based on the assumption that human experience is subjective, human behavior is creative, and culture is created and maintained through communication

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44
Q

ethnography

A

examines the patterned interactions and significant symbols of specific cultural groups to identify the cultural norms that guide behaviors. field studies

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45
Q

qualitative methods

A

research method that attempts to capture people’s own meaning for their everyday behaviors in specific contexts. observations and field studies

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46
Q

participant observation

A

investigators interact extensively with the cultural group being studied

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47
Q

rhetorical approach

A

interpret the meanings or persuasion used in texts or oral discourses in the contexts in which they occur

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48
Q

etic

A

the etic inquiry searches for universal generalizations across cultures from a distance

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49
Q

emic

A

the emic way of inquiry focuses on understanding communication patterns from inside a particular cultural community or context

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50
Q

critical approach

A

focuses more on macrocontexts, such as the political and social structures that influence communication

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51
Q

macrocontexts

A

political, social, and historical situations, backgrounds, and environments that influence communication

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52
Q

textual analysis

A

examination of cultural texts

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53
Q

post-colonialism

A

an intellectual, political, and cultural movements that calls for independence of colonized states and liberation from colonialist ways of thinking

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54
Q

hybrid identity

A

an identity that is consciously a mixture of different cultural identities and cultural traditions

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55
Q

social reproduction

A

the process of perpetuating cultural patterns

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56
Q

dialectical approach

A

integrates social science, interpretive, and critical approaches– in understanding culture and communication.

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57
Q

processual

A

refers to how interaction happens rather than the outcome

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58
Q

dialectic

A

the complex paradoxical relationship between 2 opposite qualities or entities

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59
Q

culture

A

learned patterns of behaviors and attitudes shaped by a group of people

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60
Q

ethnography of communication

A

analyze verbal and nonverbal activities that have symbolic significance for the members of cultural groups to understand the rules and patterns followed by the group

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61
Q

symbolic significance

A

the importance or meaning that most members of a cultural group attach to communication activity

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62
Q

embodied ethnocentrism

A

feeling comfortable and familiar in the spaces, behaviors, and actions of others in our own cultural surroundings

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63
Q

communication

A

a symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired, and transformed. when someone attributes meaning to another person’s words or actions

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64
Q

cultural values

A

the worldview of a cultural group and its set of deeply held beliefs

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65
Q

power distance

A

a cultural variability dimension that concerns the extent to which people accept an unequal distribution of power (low vs. high)

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66
Q

masculinity-feminity value

A

concerns the degree of being feminine–valuing fluid gender role, quality of life, service, relationships, and interdependence– and the degree of being masculine–emphasizing distinctive gender roles, ambition, materialism, and interdependence

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67
Q

uncertainty avoidance

A

concerns the extent to which uncertainty, ambiguity, and deviant ideas and behaviors are avoided (low vs. high)

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68
Q

long term vs. short term orientation

A

reflects a cultural-group orientation toward virtue(long term) and truth(short term).

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69
Q

indulgence vs. restraint

A

indulgence emphasizes relatively free gratification of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life. restraint emphasizes suppressing gratification of needs and regulates it by means of strict social norms

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70
Q

communication rules

A

a systematic pattern of behaviors that takes place on a regular basis within a cultural community

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71
Q

performative

A

acting or presenting oneself in a specific way so as to accomplish some goal

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72
Q

autoethnography

A

writers examines their own life experiences to discover broader cultural insights

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73
Q

political histories

A

written histories that focus on political events

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74
Q

intellectual histories

A

histories that focus on the development of ideas

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75
Q

social histories

A

focus on everyday life experiences of various groups in the past

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76
Q

absent history

A

any part of history that was not recorded or is missing

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77
Q

altered history

A

historical events are changed in order to serve particular ideological goals

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78
Q

family histories

A

histories of individual families that are typically passed down through oral stories

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79
Q

national history

A

a body of knowledge based on past events that influence a country’s development

80
Q

cultural-group histories

A

history of each cultural group within a nation

81
Q

concentration camp

A

a place where governments have interned people from various religious or ethnic groups

82
Q

modernist identity

A

the identity that is grounded in the Western tradition of scientific and political beliefs and assumptions

83
Q

grand narrative

A

a unified history and view of mankind

84
Q

apartheid

A

a policy that segregated people racially in South Africa

85
Q

hidden histories

A

histories that are hidden from or forgotten by mainstream representations of past events

86
Q

ethnic histories

A

the histories of ethnic groups

87
Q

racial histories

A

histories of nonmainstream racial groups

88
Q

gender histories

A

histories of how cultural conventions of men and women are created, maintained, and/or altered

89
Q

sexual orientation histories

A

historical experiences of gays and lesbians

90
Q

diaspora

A

massive migration often caused by war, famine, or persecution that results in the dispersal of a unified group

91
Q

diasporic histories

A

histories of the ways in which international cultural groups were created through transnational migration, slavery, religious crusades, or other historical forces

92
Q

colonial histories

A

histories that legitimate international invasions and annexations

93
Q

contact hypothesis

A

the notion that better communication between groups is facilitated simply by putting people together in the same place and allowing them to interact

94
Q

identity

A

the concept of who we are

95
Q

individualized identity

A

sense of self as independent and self reliant

96
Q

familial identity

A

sense of self as always connected to family and others

97
Q

spiritual identity

A

identification with feelings of connectedness to others and higher meanings of life

98
Q

avowal

A

the process by which an individual portrays himself or herself

99
Q

ascribed

A

the process by which others attribute identities to an individual

100
Q

core symbols

A

fundamental beliefs that are shared by the members of a cultural group

101
Q

interpellation

A

the communication process by which one is pulled into the social forces that place people into a specific identity

102
Q

minority identity

A

a sense of belonging to a nondominmant group

103
Q

majority identity

A

a sense of belonging to a dominant group

104
Q

gender identity

A

the identification with the cultural notions of masculinity and femininity and what it means to be a man or woman

105
Q

cisgender

A

a person whose gender identity matches the biological sex

106
Q

transgener

A

identification with a gender that does not match one’s biological sex

107
Q

sexual identity

A

one’s identification with various categories of sexuality

108
Q

age identity

A

the identification with the cultural conventions of how we should act, look, and behave according to our age

109
Q

racial identity

A

identification with a particular racial group

110
Q

ethnic identity

A

a sense of belonging to a particular group and knowing something about the shared experience of the group

111
Q

hyphenated americans

A

americans who identity not only with being a U.S citizen but also being a member of an ethnic group

112
Q

religious identity

A

a sense of belonging to a religious group

113
Q

class identity

A

a sense of belonging to a group that shares similar economic, occupational, or social status

114
Q

national identity

A

national citizenship

115
Q

regional identity

A

identification with a specific geographic region of a nation

116
Q

personal idenity

A

who we think we are and who others think we are

117
Q

global nomads

A

people who grow up in many different cultural contexts

118
Q

cultural brokers

A

individuals who act as bridges between cultures, facilitating cross-cultural interaction and conflict

119
Q

stereotypes

A

widely held beliefs about a group of people

120
Q

model minority

A

a stereotype that characterizes all asian and asian americans as hardworking and serious and so a “good” minority

121
Q

prejudice

A

an attitude toward a cultural group based on little or no evidence

122
Q

microaggression

A

subtle insults directed toward cultural groups often unconsciously

123
Q

nominalist position

A

the view that perception is not shared by the particular language one speaks

124
Q

relativist position

A

the view that the particular language individuals speak shapes their perception of reality and cultural patterns

125
Q

language acquisition

A

the process of leaning language

126
Q

qualified relativist position

A

a moderate view of the relationship between language and perception, sees language as a tool

127
Q

high context communciation

A

much of the information is contained in the contexts and nonverbal cues rather than expressed

128
Q

low context communication

A

much of the information is conveyed in words rather than nonverbal cues and context

129
Q

communication style

A

the metamessage that contextualizes how listeners are expected to accept and interpret verbal messages

130
Q

metamessage

A

the meaning of a message that tells others how they should respond to the content of our communication based on our relationship to them

131
Q

co-cultural groups

A

nondominant cultural groups that exist in a national culture. ex african american

132
Q

social positions

A

the places from which people speak that are socially constructed and thus embedded with assumptions about gender, race, class, age, social roles, sexuality, etc

133
Q

interlanguage

A

a kind of communication that emerges when speakers of one language are speaking in another language. the native language’s semantics, phonetics, and language styles often overlap

134
Q

source text

A

the original language text of a translation

135
Q

target text

A

the new language text into which the original language text is translated

136
Q

equivalency

A

an issue in translation, the condition of being equal in meaning, value, quantity, etc

137
Q

code switching

A

the phenomenon of changing languages, dialects, or even accents

138
Q

language policies

A

laws or customs that determine when and where which language will be spoken

139
Q

lingua franca

A

a commonly shared language that is used as a medium of communication between people of different languages

140
Q

cultural space

A

the particular configuration of communication that constructs meanings of various places

141
Q

relational messages

A

messages (verbal and nonverbal) that communicate how we feel about others

142
Q

status

A

the relative position an individual holds in social or organizational settings

143
Q

deception

A

the act of making someone believe what is not true

144
Q

expectancy violations theory

A

when someone’s nonverbal behavior violates our expectations

145
Q

facial expressions

A

facial gestures that convey emotions and attitudes

146
Q

contact cultures

A

cultural groups in which people tend to stand close together and touch frequently when they interact

147
Q

noncontact cultures

A

cultural groups in which people tend to maintain more space and touch less

148
Q

eye contact

A

a nonverbal code, eye gaze, that communicates meaning about respect and status

149
Q

paralinguistics

A

the study of vocal behaviors include voice qualities and vocalization

150
Q

voice qualities

A

the “music” of the human voice, including speed, pitch, rhythm, vocal range, and articulation

151
Q

vocalizations

A

the sounds we utter that do not have the structure of language

152
Q

chronemics

A

the concept of time and the rules that govern its use

153
Q

monochronic

A

an orientation to time the assumes it is linear and is a commodity that can be lost or gained

154
Q

polychronic

A

an orientation to time that sees it as circular and more holistic

155
Q

discrimination

A

behaviors resulting from stereotypes or prejudice that causes some people to be denied equal participation or rights based on cultural group membership such as race

156
Q

semiotics

A

the analysis of the nature of and relationship between signs

157
Q

semiosis

A

the process of producing meaning

158
Q

signs

A

the meanings that emerge from the combination if the signifiers (the culturally constructed arbitrary words and symbols that people use to refer to something else) and signified (anything that is expressed in arbitrary words or signifiers)

159
Q

regionalism

A

loyalty to a particular region that hold significant cultural meaning

160
Q

postmodern cultural spaces

A

places that are defined by cultural practices–languages spoken, identities enacted, rituals performed– and how these changes as new people move in

161
Q

migrant

A

an individual who leaves the primary culture context in which he or she was raised and moves to a new culture context

162
Q

soujourners

A

people who move into new cultural contexts for a limited period of time and for a specific purpose

163
Q

immigrants

A

people who come to a new country, region, or environment to settle more or less permanently

164
Q

long term refugees

A

people who are forced to relocate permanently because of war, famine, and oppression

165
Q

short term refugees

A

people who are forced for a short time to move from their country or region

166
Q

assimilation

A

a cultural adaptation in which an individual gives up his or her own cultural heritage and adopts the mainstream cultural identity

167
Q

separation

A

a cultural adaptation in which an individual retains his or her original culture while interacting minimally with other groups. separation may be initiated and enforced by the dominant society

168
Q

segragation

A

the policy or practice of compelling groups to live apart from each other

169
Q

integration

A

a cultural adaptation in which individuals maintain both their original culture and their daily interactions with other groups

170
Q

cultural adaptation

A

a process by which individuals learn the rules and customs of new cultural contexts

171
Q

uncertainty reduction

A

the process of lessening uncertainty in adapting to a new culture by seeking information

172
Q

predictive uncertainty

A

a sense of uncertainty that stems from the inability to predict what someone will say or do

173
Q

explanatory uncertainty

A

uncertainty that stems from the inability to explain why people behave as they do

174
Q

flight approach

A

a strategy to cope with a new situation, being hesitant or withdrawn from the new environment

175
Q

fight approach

A

a trial and error approach to coping with a new situation

176
Q

social support

A

ties with other people that play a significant part in mediating psychological health over time

177
Q

psychological health

A

the state of being emotionally comfortable in a cultural context

178
Q

functional fitness

A

the ability to function in daily life in many different contexts

179
Q

intercultural identity

A

identity based on two or more cultural frames of reference

180
Q

U curve theory

A

a theory of cultural adaptation positing that migrants go through fairly predictable phases when adapting to a new cultural situation

181
Q

culture shock

A

feelings of disorientation and discomfort due to the lack of familiar cues in the environment

182
Q

W curve theory

A

suggests that soujourners experience another U curve upon returning home

183
Q

phenomenological approach

A

seeks in-depth explanations of human experiences

184
Q

liminality

A

the experience of being between two or more cultural positions

185
Q

transnationalism

A

the activity of migrating across the borders of one or more nation states

186
Q

multicultural identity

A

a sense of betweenness that develops as a result of frequent or multiple cultural border crossings

187
Q

popular culture

A

new name for low culture, referring to those cultural products that most people share and know about

188
Q

folk culture

A

traditional and nonmainstream cultural activities that are not financially driven

189
Q

culture industries

A

industries that produce and sell popular culture as commodities

190
Q

cultural texts

A

popular cultural messages

191
Q

encoding

A

the process of creating a message for others to understand

192
Q

decoding

A

the process of interpreting a message

193
Q

reader profiles

A

portrayals of readership demographics prepared by magazines

194
Q

media imperialism

A

domination or control through media

195
Q

electric colonialism

A

domination or exploitation utilizing technological forms

196
Q

cultural imperialism

A

domination trough the spread of cultural products

IPE (3 decks)

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