Interactions with the Atmosphere and Surface

Question 1

__ passing through the atmosphere undergoes modification through scattering, absorption, and refraction.

Answer 1

Solar Energy

Question 2

The redirection of electromagnetic energy by particles suspended in the atmosphere or by large molecules of atmospheric gases

Answer 2

Scattering

Question 3

The effect of scattering is to redirect ____ so that a portion of the incoming solar beam is directed back toward space, as well as toward the Earth’s surface.

Answer 3

Radiation

Question 4

Occurs when atmospheric particles have diameters that are very small relative to the wavelength of the radiation. It is also ______, meaning that the amount of scattering changes greatly as one examines different regions of the spectrum. Also sometimes referred to as _____

Answer 4

Rayleigh Scattering, Wavelength Dependent, Clear Atmosphere Scattering

Question 5

At sunset, only the _____ wavelengths pass through, hence the sky being color orange or red.

Answer 5

Longer

Question 6

Involves larger atmospheric particles like dust, pollen, smoke, and water droplets.
Those particles that cause this scattering have diameters that are roughly equivalent to the wavelength of the scattered radiation. It is also _______, but it tends to be greatest in the lower atmosphere (0 to 5 km), where larger particles are abundant.

Answer 6

Mie Scattering, Wavelength Dependent

Question 7

Caused by particles that are much larger than the wavelength of the scattered radiation. For radiation in and near the visible spectrum, such particles might be larger water droplets or large particles of airborne dust. It is ________, meaning that it is not wavelength dependent hence we observe it as a whitish or grayish haze because all visible wavelengths are scattered ____.

Answer 7

Nonselective Scattering, Nonselective, Equally

Question 8

Atmosphere has its own ____ due to scattering.

Answer 8

Brightness

Question 9

Alters colors and brightness of objects in landscapes based on distance from the observer called ______

Answer 9

Atmospheric Perspective

Question 10

Scattering affects remote sensing by excluding ______ wavelengths because it is greatly affected by scattering (Short-Wave Radiations)

Answer 10

Blue and Ultraviolet

Question 11

Scattering makes dark objects appear brighter and bright objects appear darker, reducing _____.

Answer 11

Contrast

Question 12

Bending of light rays at the contact area between two media that transmit light.

Answer 12

Refraction

Question 13

Defined as the ratio between the velocity of light (c) in a vacuum and its velocity in the medium (cn). Assuming uniform media, light passing into a denser medium is deflected toward the surface normal.

Answer 13

Index of Refraction (n)

Question 14

Defines the angle that the refracted ray follows as it passes from one medium to another.

Answer 14

Snell’s Law

Question 15

_____ of radiation occurs when the atmosphere hinders/prevents transmission of radiation or its energy through the atmosphere.

Answer 15

Absorption

Question 16

______ is formed by the interaction of high-energy ultraviolet radiation with oxygen molecules (O2) high in the atmosphere. Absorption of UV (mainly less than 0.24 μm) prevents transmission of this radiation to the lower atmosphere.

Answer 16

Ozone

Question 17

______ absorbs in the mid and far infrared regions. Also occurs in low concentrations (about 0.03% by volume of a dry atmosphere), mainly in the lower atmosphere. Its strongest absorption occurs in the region from about (13 to 17.5 μm) in the mid infrared.

Answer 17

Carbon Dioxide

Question 18

____ is several times more effective in absorbing radiation than the other two gases combined. Commonly present in the lower atmosphere (below about 100 km) in amounts that vary from 0 to about 3% by volume.

Answer 18

Water Vapor

Question 19

Atmosphere is not completely transparent due to gases because these gases together form important barriers to transmission of electromagnetic radiation through the atmosphere. The atmosphere selectively transmits energy of certain wavelengths and those wavelengths that are relatively easily transmitted through the atmosphere are referred to as _____.

Answer 19

Atmospheric Windows

Question 20

Atmospheric Windows defines the wavelengths that can be used for forming ____.

Answer 20

Images

Question 21

______ occurs within atmospheric processes.

Answer 21

Remote Sensing

Question 22

Sun emits maximum intensity at approximately ____ µm

Answer 22

0.5

Question 23

_______, with wavelengths longer than 10 μm, represents sensible heat or thermal radiation. Earth’s atmosphere absorbs much of the radiation emitted by Earth
Only wavelengths passing through atmospheric windows can be used for remote sensing

Answer 23

Terrestrial Radiation

Question 24

Heating of the lower atmosphere by the ground surface, which causes upward movement of air, then movement of cooler air to replace the original air.

Answer 24

Turbulent Transfer

Question 25

Occurs when a ray of light is redirected as it strikes a nontransparent surface.
It depends on surface nature (roughness or smoothness), wavelength, and angle of illumination

Answer 25

Reflection

Question 26

______ reflection for smooth surfaces.
Redirects all, or almost all, of the incident radiation in a single direction.

Answer 26

Specular Reflection

Question 27

For specular surfaces, the angle of incidence is _____ to the angle of reflection

Answer 27

Equal

Question 28

_______ reflection for rough surfaces
Also known as _______.
Energy is scattered more or less equally in all directions.

Answer 28

Diffuse Reflection, Isotropic Reflector

Question 29

Lambert’s cosine law and inverse square law govern _________

Answer 29

Reflection Brightness

Question 30

Reflection characteristics of a surface are described by the ______, a mathematical description of the optical behavior of a surface with respect to angles of illumination and observation, given that it has been illuminated with a parallel beam of light at a specified azimuth and elevation.

Answer 30

Bidirectional Reflectance
Distribution Function (BRDF)

Question 31

_______ occurs when radiation passes through a substance without significant attenuation. Measured as transmitted radiation over incident radiation

Answer 31

Transmission

Question 32

Occurs when an object illuminated with radiation of one wavelength emits radiation at a different wavelength.
It can reveal differences between healthy and stressed leaves through contrasting surfaces

Answer 32

Fluorescence

Question 33

Denotes the orientation of oscillations within the electric field of electromagnetic energy. _____ sunglasses reduce glare by absorbing horizontally polarized bright radiation.

Answer 33

Polarization, Polarizing

Question 34

Within the atmosphere, polarization of light is related to the nature and ________ of atmospheric aerosols and atmospheric clarity.

Answer 34

Abundance

Question 35

_______ is the relative brightness of a surface expressed as a ratio of observed brightness to irradiance. As a ratio, it is a dimensionless number (between 0 and 1). It is commonly expressed as a percentage and is crucial in remote sensing applications.

Answer 35

Reflectance

Question 36

In the instance of emitted (far infrared) radiation, the ______is the immediate source of radiation. For reflected radiation, _____ may be the source.

Answer 36

Object itself, The sun

Question 37

______ patterns help identify features based on unique spectral characteristics.
Using cameras and other remote sensing instruments, we can observe the brightnesses of objects over a range of wavelengths, so that there are numerous points of comparison between brightnesses of separate objects.

Answer 37

Spectral Response

Question 38

A set of such observations or measurements constitutes a spectral response pattern, sometimes called the ________ of an object.

Answer 38

Spectral Signature

Question 39

Remote sensing strategies

Answer 39

recording the reflection of solar radiation from Earth’s surface, record radiation emitted from the Earth’s surface

Question 40

Belonging to a third class of remote sensing instruments generate their own energy, then record the reflection of that energy from the Earth’s surface.

Answer 40

Sensors

Question 41

These sensors generate their own energy, transmit energy toward Earth’s surface and record reflected energy.
Best represented by imaging radars and lidars

Answer 41

Active Remote Sensing

Question 42

Instruments sense energy emitted by the Earth, reveals information about thermal properties of materials, patterns of moisture, vegetation, surface materials, and man-made structures

Answer 42

Passive Remote Sensing

Question 43

Sources of Emitted Radiation: Give like 2 idk

Answer 43

Emitted radiation from Earth’s surface such as Geothermal energy, heat from steam pipes, power plants, buildings, and forest fires