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Psychology & Neuroscience of Psychosis > Interacting with others > Flashcards

Interacting with others Flashcards

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1
Q

How do humans navigate the social world so easily?

A

Cognition allows us to understand and make sense of the world

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2
Q

What are the ‘cold’ cognitive processes involved in the human navigation of the social world?

A
  • Perception
  • Memory
  • Visual processing
  • Attention
  • Reasoning
  • Problem solving
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3
Q

What are the ‘hot’ cognitive processes involved in the human navigation of the social world?

A
  • Information processing within social and emotional contexts
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4
Q

What are the double neurocognitive dissociations found in real life?

A
  • High-functionning autism: intact neurocognition BUT social cognitive deficits
  • Williams syndrome: impaired neurocognition (low IQ) BUT very social
  • Acquired brain damage: can function intellectually BUT can’t function socially
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5
Q

How does one know what behaviour is appropriate around others?

A

Social cognitive processes that act together give us guidelines as to what is appropriate, and are necessary to sustain interactions and relationships

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6
Q

What are the key social cognitive domains?

A
  • Theory of mind (mentalising)
  • Emotion perception (recognition)
  • Social perception
  • Attribution style
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7
Q

What is theory of mind?

A

Mentalising, or perspective taking

  • most widely-researched cognitive domain
  • ability to take another’s person’s standpoint into account and to make attributions about their intentions, desires and beliefs
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8
Q

What characterises the tasks used to measure theory of mind?

A
  • Interpretation of mental states of characters in cartoons
  • False-belief identification or picture sequencing tasks
  • More intricate measures that require the interpretation of indirect speech, sarcasm, irony or humour
  • Mostly use 3rd person perspective
    e. g. Sally-Anne false belief task
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9
Q

What is emotion perception?

A

Ability to perceive and interpret emotions

  • fundamental in deciphering other people’s social signals
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10
Q

What is the type of tasks used to measure emotion perception?

A
  • Individuals are shown displays of emotions in faces, which may be morphed to be more difficult to recognise
  • Apply emotion recognition to speech: recognise emotions in voices
  • Ask participants to look at emotions in passive way rather than verbalising which emotion they see
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11
Q

What is social perception?

A

Ability to judge social roles and rules within the social context

  • requires the use of social cues to infer situational events that generated the social cue
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12
Q

What characterises the tests used to measure social perception?

A
  • Identify interpersonal features in the situation (cues generated by single person): intimacy, status, mood
  • Perception of relationships between other people
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13
Q

What is social knowledge?

A

Awareness of the roles, rules, and goals that characterise social situations and guide social interactions

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14
Q

Why are social perception and social knowledge very closely associated functions?

A

Identification of social cues frequently requires some knowledge of what is typical in specific social situations

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15
Q

What is an attribution style?

A
  • How one explains the causes for positive and negative outcomes
  • How the meaning of events is based on one’s attribution of their cause
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16
Q

How are attribution styles measured?

A

Questionnaires

  • e.g. Internal, Personal and Situational Attributions questionnaire (IPSAQ) of Kinderman and Bentall (1996)
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17
Q

What does the internal, personal and situational attributions questionnaire (IPSAQ) of Kinderman and Bentall (1996) consist of?

A

Allows for distinction between:
- external personal attributions (caused by others)

  • external situational attributions (caused by situations)
  • internal attributions (caused by oneself)
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18
Q

What does the social brain refer to?

A

Interdisciplinary new field of neuroscience investigating the underlying biological processes of social cognition and behaviour

19
Q

What are the social cognitive subdomains distinguished by Michael Green?

A
  • Experience sharing
  • Emotion experience
  • Emotion regulation
20
Q

What does Michael Green’s social cognitive subdomain of experience sharing consist of?

A

Mirror processing that takes place while watching another person

21
Q

What does Michael Green’s social cognitive subdomain of emotion experience consist of?

A
  • Response you have when seeing unpleasant or pleasant image

- Generally assessed via self-report, physiological reactions or expressions

22
Q

What does Michael Green’s social cognitive subdomain of emotion regulation consist of?

A
  • Self-reflective strategies such as reappraisal

- Appraising a situation in various ways in order to change you emotion/mood

23
Q

What are different emotion recognition processes?

A
  • Face perception
  • Voice perception
  • Emotion experience
  • Emotional regulation
  • Mentalising (theory of mind)
24
Q

What are the brain regions involved in face perception?

A
  • Amygdala

- Fusiform face area (FFA)

25
Q

What are the brain regions involved in voice perception?

A
  • Superior temporal gyrus (STG)

- Inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) (Broca’s area)

26
Q

What are the brain regions involved in emotion experience?

A
  • Amygdala
  • Anterior hippocampus
  • Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
  • Insula
27
Q

What are the brain regions involved in emotional regulation?

A
  • Dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC)
  • Ventrolateral PFC (vlPFC)
  • Amygdala
28
Q

What are the brain regions involved in mentalising (theory of mind)?

A
  • Temporoparietal junction (TPJ)
  • Temporal lobe)
  • Precuneus
  • Area in the medial PFC (mPFC)
29
Q

What is the default mode network?

A

Brain areas active during a resting state, when inactive

30
Q

How is the social brain network associated to the default mode network?

A

Brain areas typically activated during social-cognitive processing, overlap with brain regions of default mode network (DMN)

31
Q

What is the resting state?

A

An index of unconstrained, non-task related cognition

32
Q

What is suggested by the overlap of brain activity between the social brain network and the default mode network?

A

The absence of a task-related focus lead people to think about themselves and others

  • > social nature of humans
  • > predisposition of social cognition
33
Q

What makes schizophrenia a social disorder?

A

Social problems are reflected in the social cognitive deficits and social symptoms of the disorder (DSM-5: social/occupational dysfunction as criterion of schizophrenia)

(e.g. paranoia: distrust in others)

34
Q

What does the 20 year latent class trajectory analysis of social functioning in psychotic illness by Velthorse and colleagues (2016) show?

A
  • High unmet need in large subgroup with enduring social impairment lasting into later stages of the disorder
  • If social impairments are present, they often seem to have their onset before the first psychotic episode
  • > value of early intervention strategies
  • Schizophrenia appears as a social disorder with social impairments at different levels
  • Impairments in social cognition and social functioning
  • Social symptoms exist: paranoia, low social motivation
35
Q

What the meta-analyses on social cognition and schizophrenia show?

A
  • Cognitive impairments in large number of patients (up to 75%)
  • Impairment reported in patients in remission -> not just secondary to high symptom levels
  • Some longitudinal studies show social cognitive impairment rather stable across illness course
  • Attribution bias seems to change with symptoms
  • Similar impairments to cognition in unaffected first degree relatives of patients
  • > social cognitive impairments might be an end-phenotype for the illness
36
Q

What is the link between cognitive functioning and functioning in real-life?

A

If social cognition explains real-life outcomes, then this could give indications about treatment targets
-> improvement in functioning

37
Q

What did the meta-analysis of Fett and colleagues (2011) on cognitive functioning and real-life functioning show?

A
  • Highlights potential importance of social cognition regarding real-life outcomes
  • Ability to process social stimuli seems to have important impact
  • Informs treatment approaches
38
Q

What does the research of Couture and colleagues on the interplay between social cognition and social functioning in schizophrenia show?

A
  • Positive symptoms are associated with social cognitive deficits
  • BUT strongest associations are present with negative symptoms
  • Some have hypothesised that paranoia may be based on a hyper theory of mind (over-mentalisation)
39
Q

What do the studies on the differences of brain activity during theory of mind tasks between controls and patients show?

A
  • Pattern of lower brain activation in schizophrenia patients
  • Higher brain activation in schizophrenia could point to compensatory processing strategies in the absence of behavioural differences on the task
40
Q

What do the meta-analyses on the neural mechanism of emotion recognition show?

A

Extended patterns of reduced activation in schizophrenia patients compared to healthy controls

41
Q

What do the current research findings on the social brain and schizophrenia suggest?

A
  • Behavioural differences are associated with differential brain processing in schizophrenia
  • It’s unclear whether brain abnormalities drive behavioural differences or wether they are a reflection of different behaviour
42
Q

What could the underlying mechanisms which drive the brain abnormalities observed in schizophrenia patients be?

A
  • Gene-environment interactions
  • Brain differences
    e. g. prolonged exposure to stress resulting in abnormal brain development and connectivity changes
43
Q

What could explain the variation between studies in the neuroimaging literature?

A
  • Heterogeneous samples and tasks

- Difference in methodology

Psychology & Neuroscience of Psychosis (16 decks)

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