Inter Relationships Flashcards
What are drugs
Chemical substances that affect he central nervous system by changing behaviour
People can get addicted to them and will get withdrawal symptoms if they stop taking them
Rehab can help get over an addiction
What is tolerance
When a person gets used to having a drug so they need a higher dose to get the same effect
What are depressants
They decrease the activity of the brain by slowing down the responses of the cns
Alcohol is an example it causes increased reaction time and poor judgement of speed and distance
What is a stimulant
They increase the activity of the brain by increasing the amount of neurotransmitters at the synapse
they decreases reaction time and make you feel more alert and awake and can be used to treat depression
Eg nicotine and caffeine
What is a painkiller
They decrease the feeling of pain by blocking the nerve impulses to the brain eg morphine
What are hallucinogens
They distort what’s being seen an heard by changing the pathway the impulses travel along eg lsd
What is reaction time
How quickly you can respond to a stimulus
The ruler drop test can show reaction time
What are the problems with smoking tobacco
It contains carbon monoxide which combines with the haemoglobin in the red blood cells so the blood can’t carry as much oxygen this could lead to a foetus being deprived of oxygen in a pregnant woman
Tar is carcinogenic so can cause cancer
Nicotine is addictive
What are the short term effects of alcohol
Slows reactions
Blurred vision
Lowered inhibitions
What are the long term effects of alcohol
It’s poisonous and can cause liver cells to be killed forming scar tissue that can block blood blow through the liver ‘tis is cirrhosis
If the liver can clean the blood then dangerous substances start to build up in the body
Can lead to brain damage
What is an organ transplant
When a severely damaged organ is swapped with a natural healthy one
What people are least likely to be allowed an organ transplant
Obese people have a grater risk of dying after surgery so might have to lose weight first
People who have damaged their liver from drinking too much alcohol would have to stop drinking first
The guidelines are based on who is most likely to benefit from a transplant rather than who deserves it most
What are pathogens
microorganisms that cause disease
How are pathogens spread by water
By drinking or bathing in affected water
Cholera is a bacterial infection causing diarrhoea and is spread by contaminated water
How are pathogens spread by food
When eating contaminated food eg salmonella causes food poisoning and is found in food that isn’t cooked properly or kept too long
How are pathogens spread by air
Airborne pathogens are carried in the air in droplets produced when people cough or sneeze eg flu
How are pathogens spread by contact
Pathogens can be picked up by touching an infected surface including the skin
Eg athletes foot is a fungus that makes the skin itch an peel off its most commonly spread by touching shower floors and towels that have been touched by an infected person
How are pathogens spread by bodily fluids
In the blood semen or breast milk eg hiv is spread by bodily fluids and stops the immune system from working
What are animal vectors
Animals that spread diseases
How are pathogens spread by animal vectors
Mosquitos can carry malaria and spreads if by biting other animals the disease causes brain and kidneys to fail
House fly carries bacteria for dysentery a disease that causes diarrhoea and spreads it by carrying the bacteria onto food
What are the physical barriers agains pathogens
The skin if it breaks the blood clots quickly to seal the cuts and keep microorganisms out
The respiratory system is lined with mucus and cilia the mucus catches the dust and bacteria before they reach the lungs and the cilia push the gunk filled mucus away from the lungs
What are the bodies chemical defenses
In tears there’s a chemical called lysosome which kills off bacteria
In the stomach hydrochloric acid kills pathogens that we might eat
How do plants defend themselves
The produce chemicals that have an antibacterial effect so humans can use these to make antibacterials eg tee tree
What do antiseptics do
They’re used outside the body and the destroy bacteria or stop them growing they an be used to clean wounds or surfaces and they prevent infection
What are antibiotics
Drugs used inside the body to treat patients who are already infected with a bacteria or fungi but they can’t destroy viruses
What did antibacterials do
They treat bacterial infections by killing bacteria or stopping them growing
What do antifungals do
They treat fungal infections by killing the fungi or stopping them growing
How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics
They can mutate to become resistant so if you have an infection some may be resistant so on,h the non resistant ones will be killed the individual resistant one will survive and reproduce so the population of the resistant strain will increase and could cause a serious infection
What causes mrsa
The misuse of antibiotics eg by over prescribing them or not finishing the course so now we will only get antibiotics for serious infections
What Happens in a food chain
The energy from the sun is the source of energy for all life on earth
Plants convert a small amount of energy into glucose then an animal eats the plant and uses some of the energy then is eaten by another plant
How is energy lost in a food chain
Respiration
Movement
Heat lost to surroundings
Material energy from the droppings
What are pyramids of biomass
They show how much the creatures at each level would weigh if you put them all together
Each Time you go up one trophic level the biomass decreases because energy is lost
What is a parasite
An animal that lives on a host and takes what it needs to survive without giving anything back and often harms the host
What do fleas do
They’re insects that live in the fur or bedding of animals and Feed by sucking the blood from their hosts and can reproduce quickly the hosts gain nothing but get bitten
What are headline
Insects that live on human scalps
They suck blood for food and make the person itch
What are tape worms
They attach to the intestinal walls of the host and absorb nutrients from them causing them to suffer malnutrition
What does mistletoe do
It is a parasitic plant that grows on trees and shrubs it absorbs water and nutrients from the host which can stop the hosts growth
What is a mutualistic relationship
Where both organisms benefit from the relationship
What is an oxpecker
A bird that lives on the back of a buffalo they eat the parasites off the back of the buffalo and alert the buffalo of any predators by hissing
They’re an example of a cleaner species
What is a cleaner fish
It is a cleaner species that eats dead skin and parasites off larger fish and in return they get food and avoid being eaten by the fish
How do nitrogen fixing bacteria in legumes work
Most plants have to rely on nitrogen fixing bacteria in the soil to get nitrates but leguminous plants carry the bacteria in nodules in their roots so they get a constant supply of sugar from the plant and the plant gets nitrates it needs
How doe chemosynthetic bacteria in deep sea vents work
Some chemosynthetic bacteria live inside giant tube worms or the gills of molluscs in deep sea vents the tube worms supply the bacteria with chemicals from the sea water which the bacteria turn into food for themselves and the tube worm
How does human activity effect the environment
Raw materials including non renewables are being used up
More waste is produced
More pollutants are produced such as phosphates and nitrates from fertilisers and sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide from coal stations which cause acid rain and global warming
What is eutrophication
Fertilisers contain contain essential nitrates
If some fertiliser is washed into a lake then it causes an algae bloom so some plants in the lake are killed because of competition for light for photosynthesis
microbe numbers increase as they feed on the dead material and the microbes use up all of the oxygen the fish need
Fish and other aquatic animals suffocate
Why is then human population increasing
Because of advances in modern medicine and modern farming methods mean there is more food for the people
What happens if we don’t recycle
There is more water so more land has to be used for landfill sites and some waste is toxic so there’s more polluted land
More materials have to be manufactured and extracted so we’re using up more natural resources and more energy
Why do we recycle metals
There extracted from ores but there’s limited amounts of ores so recycling makes the most of what we have
Mining and extracting takes up lots of energy which comes from. Ur Ing. fossil fuels so by recycling we can reduce the amount of co2 released
Why is paper recycled
It comes from wood and recycling paper means less trees have to be cut down which helps prevent deforestation and uses much less energy than manufacturing
Why are plastics recycled
They’re made from crude oil so recycling helps conserve our natural resources
Plastics are really slow to decompose so if they’re thrown away they take up space in land fill for years
What are the problems with recycling
It still uses up energy
Some materials are difficult and time consuming to split up
The equipment needed can be expensive
The quality of recycled materials is not a good
Some materials can only be recycled a limited number of times
What are indicator speices
Some organisms are sensitive to changes in the environment so can be studied to look at the Effect of human activities
What are the indicator species of water pollution
Raw sewage and other nitrates are released into a river the bacteria population increases and uses up the oxygen
Stonefly larvae and freshwater shrimps are sensitive to the amount of oxygen dissolved in the water and live in clean water
Blood worms and slugs worms live in polluted conditions so indicate a high level of water pollution
What are the indicators of air pollution
Lichen are sensitive to the concentration of sulfur dioxide so the amount of lichen in a location will give a good idea of the level pollution
Blackspot fungus is found on rose leaves and it
Likes to Live in clean air
What are non living indicators
Dissolved oxygen meters and chemical are used to measure the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water to show how the level of water pollution is changing
Electronic meters and lab tests measure the concentration of sulfur dioxide in the air to show how air pollution is changing
What happens in the nitrogen cycle
Photosynthesis removes co2 from the atmosphere
Eating passes carbon compounds along to animals in the food chain
Plant and animal respiration both put co2 back into the atmosphere
Plants and animals eventually die and decay and are broken down by decomposers that release co2 back into the air by respiration
Fossil fuels made of decayed plant and animal matter are burned which releases co2 back into the air
What do decomposed bacteria do
Decompose proteins and urea and turn them into ammonia
What does nitrifying bacteria do
Turn ammonia into nitrates
What does nitrogen fixing bacteria do
Turn atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds for the plants
What does de nitrifying bacteria do
Nur so nitrates back into nitrogen gas
What happens in the nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen is needed for making proteins for growth
Nitrogen fixing bacteria bacteria in legumes put nitrates back into the soil
There are four types of bacteria that change the nitrogen
