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MAVM: Histopathology > Intensive Recap > Flashcards

Intensive Recap Flashcards

1
Q

The main purpose of fixation is to:

A

Preserve the morphology of cell

Secondary: harden the tissue from further trauma

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2
Q

This is the most important reaction for maintaining tissue appearance:

A

Stabilization of proteins

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3
Q

The correct fixative to tissue ratio:

A

20:1

Fixative/Decal agent to tissue - 20:1

Dehy agent to tissue - 10:1

Impreg medium to tissue 25:1

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4
Q

Formaldehyde is formed from the oxidation of:

A

Methanol

40% Formaldehyde: Stock solution
10% Formaldehyde: Working solution

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5
Q

The white crystalline precipitates formed from prolonged standing of formaldehyde especially at very low temperatures:

A

Paraformaldehyde
• Removal by 10% methanol + filtration
• Does not impart the fixing property of formaldeyhde

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6
Q

The rate of penetration of formalin in tissues:

A

1 mm/hr

10% BNF: BEST general tissue fixative; pH 7.0

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7
Q

For satisfactory fixation, the pH of the preservative should be within:

A

pH 6 to 8

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8
Q

The appropriate temperature for fixing surgical specimens is:

A

Room temperature

0 to 4 deg C: EM + some histochem
Formalin at 60 deg C: For urgent biopsies
Formalin at 100 deg C: For tissues with TB

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9
Q

The BEST general fixative:

A

10% buffered neutral formalin

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10
Q

Which of the following may be used for preserving tissues intended for EM studies?

A

Glutaraldehyde

2.5% Glutaraldehyde: small + needle biopsies
5% Glutaraldehyde: large tissue specimens
• ADV: Preserves plasma proteins and cellular structures better; less tissue shrinkage

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11
Q

All mercuric chloride-containing fixatives may produce the characteristic black granular deposits, except:

A

Heidenhain’s SuSa (Mercuric-Chloride fixative)

Remove black granular deposits by Dezenkerization

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12
Q

The formalin pigmens formed from the combination of formic acid and hemoglobin may be removed from the tissues by:

A

Applying alcoholic picric acid

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13
Q

One disadvanatge of using osmium tetroxide fixatives is that they may cause:

A

Conjunctivitis and blindness

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14
Q

All of the following wil improve the fixation of tissues, EXCEPT:

A

✅ Moderate heat
✅ Agitation
✅ Thinner slices of tissues
❎ Mucus

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15
Q

Which of the following fixatives may be used for the diagnosis of rabies?

A

Acetone (used at ice cold temperature of -5 to 4 deg Celsius; studies of water diffusable enzymes like Lipases and Phosphatases)

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16
Q

The optimum temperature for microwave fixation is:

A

45 to 55 dec Celsius

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17
Q

The temperature of the paraffin oven used for impregnation is usually:

A

2 to 5 ABOVE the melting point of the impregnating medium (55 to 60 deg Celsius)

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18
Q

Which of the following fixatives is used for the preservation of the tumor biopsies of the skin?

A

Heidenhain’s SuSa

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19
Q

This substitute for paraffin wax is a mixture of highly purified paraffin and synthetic plastic polymer. It is also described to be more elastic and resilient than paraffin and is used for large dense tissues:

A

Paraplast

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20
Q

Paraffin wax substitute recommended for embedding the eyes:

A

Bioloid

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21
Q

Suicide sac within its cytoplasm called:

A

Lysosome

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22
Q

This agent is used for infiltrating tissues intended for electron microscopy:

A

Plastic

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23
Q

Which of the following substitute for paraffin wax can be used without dehydration and clearing:

A

Carbowax

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24
Q

Impregnating medium recommended for histochemistry and enzymology studies:

A

Gelatin

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25
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describes the Lendrum’s method?

A

A method of making hard tissues softer by allowing them to be washed out in running water overnight then subsequently, the tissues are immersed in 4% aqueous phenol solution for 1 to 3 days.

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26
Q

To ensure adequate fixation and some hardening prior to microtomy, brain is usually suspended whole in 10% buffered formalin:

A

2 to 3 weeks

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27
Q

Fixation of surgical soecimens is traditionally carried out at:

A

Room temperature

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28
Q

Surgical pathology logbook includes all, EXCEPT:

A

❎ Treatment to be done
✅ Names of the patient and requesting physician
✅ Kind of specimen
✅ Clinical and pathological diagnosis

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29
Q

What does CA in CA-125 mean?

A

Cancer Antigen

CLSI: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
CDC: Center for Disease Control and Prevention
WAADO: With @ average diameter Farenheit

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30
Q

These are chemicals that cause reversible inflammatory effcts at the site contact with living tissue (especially skin, eyes, and respiratory tract).

A

Irritants

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31
Q

All if the following are considered as disadvantages pf using formaldehyde, EXCEPT:

A

✅ Fumes may cause sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, or excessive lacrimation
✅ Solutions may cause allergic dermatitis on prolonged contact
✅ Prolonged fixation may produce bleaching of the specimen and loss of natural tissue colors
❎ It is extremely corrosive to metals.

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32
Q

EDTA, when used to promote bone decalcification, acts as:

A

A chelating agent

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33
Q

Glacial acetic acid is combined with many other fixing agents to:

A

Inhibit shrinking of cells

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34
Q

The following are all descriptions attributed to Carnoy’s fluid, EXCEPT:

A

❎ NOTA
✅ Recommended for fixing chromosomes, lymph glands, and urgent biopsies
✅ The most rapid fixative
✅ Used also to fix brain tissue for the diagnosis of rabies
✅ Excellent fixative for glycogen

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35
Q

All of the following are true concerning glacial acetic acid, EXCEPT:

A

✅ It fixes and precipitates nucleoproteins
✅ It is useful in the study of nuclear components of the cell
✅ It causes tissues (esp. those containing collagen) to swell
❎ It solidifies at 39 deg Celsius

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36
Q

The most commonly used mordants for makinh hematoxylin solutions are:

A

Aluminum and iron

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37
Q

Urine specimens for cytology should fulfill all the require,ents given below, EXCEPT:

A

✅ Specimen should be second urine
✅ At least 50 mL
✅ For males, specimen should have been voided
❎ For females, specimen should have been voided (✅ Catheterized specimen)

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38
Q

In the Pap stain, the OG-6 functions to stain:

A

The cytoplasm of mature, superficial cells

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39
Q

In the Pap Smear, superficial cells are identified by:

A

Polygonal, thin cytoplasm with pyknotic nuclei

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40
Q

In Pap’s smear, a suggetive but not conclusive diagnosis of malignancy belong to:

A

Class III

Class I
Class II
Class IV: Maligant

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41
Q

Transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder and mucinious ovarian tumors are usually positive for:

A

CK7 and CK20

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42
Q

Melanomas and schwannomas always stain positive for:

A

Vimentin

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43
Q

The best screening marker for lymphomas is:

A

LCA

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44
Q

If the clearing agent turned milky as soon as the tissue is placed in it, the most probable reason is:

A

Incomplete dehydration

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45
Q

The medtech experienced difficulty in section cutting and the tissue appears opaque. What is the probable reason for is problem?

A

Insufficient clearing

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46
Q

The wax appears crystalline during trimming. What is the most probable reason for this problem?

A

Block not cooled rapidly enough

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47
Q

These are black granules formed by malarial parasites living inside RBC’s and may be removed by alcoholic pictic acid:

A

Hemozoin

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48
Q

Smear prepared for cytologuc examination from cut surfaces of lymph nodes can be obtained by:

A

Touch preparation/impression smear

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49
Q

Smears and cell block of urine for cytological examination will show desquamated cells from the lining epithelium of the urinary tract which are:

A

Transitional cells

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50
Q

Air-filled lungs may float on fixative. To avoid this, the organ may be:

A

Covered with several layers of gauze to maintain it under surface

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51
Q

Expenses for an autopsy are shouldered by the:

A

Relatives of the deceased

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52
Q

Masson-Fontana method is a stain for:

A

Melanin

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53
Q

Excessive exposure to benzene may damage the bone marrow resulting in:

A

Aplasric anemia

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54
Q

Congo red staining method is used to demonstrate:

A

Amyloid

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55
Q

Ringing is the process of sealing the margins of the coverslip. The reason/s for doing this process is/are:

A
  • to prevent the escape of fluid or semi-fluid mounts
  • to immobilize the coverslip
  • to prevent sticking of the slides upon storage
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56
Q

The beststain for calcium is:

A

Von Kossa stain

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57
Q

In the routine H and E method:

A

The nucleus is blue, cytoplasm is pale pink

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58
Q

Active hyperemia is the result of:

A

Dilation of arterioles

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59
Q

The most common cause of arterial thromboemboli is:

A

Cardiac thrombi

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60
Q

Autopsy materials should be preserved as soon after death as possible. If this cannot be done, the body should be placed in a refrigerator kept at:

A

4 C

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61
Q

Slow freezing of unfixed tissues near 0 C must be avoided because:

A

This may promote formation of ice crystals

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62
Q

Of the following commonly used methods of freezing, which ine is considered to be the most rapid?

A

Liquid nitrogen

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63
Q

Request forms for histopathologic analysis should be signed by:

A

The patient’s physician

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64
Q

The optimum working temperture for the cold microtome is:

A

Between -18 to -20 C

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65
Q

Which of the following descriptions characterize a post-mortem clot?

A
  • Chicken fat
  • Currant jelly
  • Rubbery consistency
  • Assumes the shape of the blood vessel
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66
Q

A healthy, relaxed, sedentary 70kg man who is kiled instantly in an accident will usually have a liver with a weight of:

A

1100 - 1600gm

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67
Q

For ultrastructural examination, ultrathin sections are cut by use of:

A

Diamond knife

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68
Q

What is/are the major applications of immunohistochemistry (IHC)

A
  • tumors of uncertain histogenesis
  • prognostic markers in cancer
  • prediction of response to therapy
  • infections
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69
Q

Pathology blocks should be kept for a period of:

A

10 years

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70
Q

When wax has been reused, some water is mixed with it. In order to remove excess water, heat the wax to:

A

100-105 C

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71
Q

What is the optimum temperature of the water bath that is used to float tissue cut fom the microtome?

A

45-50 C or 6-10 C below MP of wax

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72
Q

In order to have an effective knife, which one of the following hones is recommended because it gives the bst honing result?

A

Belgium Yellow

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73
Q

For routine work which of the following slides is usually preffered?

A

76 x 25mm slides that are 1.0-1.2mm thick

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74
Q

The Bowman’s capsule and the endothelial lining of blood vessels are both composed of:

A

Simple squamous tissue

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75
Q

The major ingredient in all connective tissues is the:

A

Collagen (Van Gieson’s stain)

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76
Q

The diaphysis or shaft of the long bone is composed of:

A

Compact bone

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77
Q

This is the loss of body weight accompanied by weakness and exhaustion and may be caused by large tumors:

A

Cachexia

Anasarca: generalized edema
Metaplasia: reversible
Anaplasia/Dedifferentiation: irreversible

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78
Q

It is probably the the oldest of all stains, originally used for microscopic study of starch granules:

A

Iodine

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79
Q

The type of necrosis that occurs as a result of syphillis and tularemia:

A

Caseous necrosis

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80
Q

All mercuric chloride-containing fixatives may produce the characteristic black granular deposits, EXCEPT:

A

✅B-5
✅ Helly’s solution
✅ Zenker’s fluid
❎ Heidenhain’s SuSa

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81
Q

In order to preserve small biopsies and FNAB for electron microscopy, which of the following fixatives should be used?

A

2.5% Glutaraldehyde

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82
Q

The following are then gen. charactistics of picrate fixatives, EXCEPT:

A

✅ Highly explosive when dry
✅ Produces excessive yellow staining of tissues
✅ Picrates are able to fix glycogen substances
❎ NOTA

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83
Q

Paraformaldehyde crystalline precipitates may be removed through the use of:

A

10% methanol and Filtration methods

84
Q

All of the statements below are true for osmium tetroxide fixatives, EXCEPT:

A

✅ It makes counterstaining difficult
✅ They should not be used for tissues that are to be stained wihth H&E method
❎ The osmium tetroxide solutions should be kept in a dark-colored bottle to prevent reduction

85
Q

The ideal time for a decalcification process to be completed is between:

A

24 to 48 hours (1 to 2 days)

86
Q

The best decalcifying agent is:

A

5% formic acid

87
Q

This is considered as the most sensitive of the oil soluble dyes:

A

Sudan Black

88
Q

For delicate tissues like embryos and animal tissues, it is recommended to start dehydrating with this concentration of ethanol:

A

30%

89
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristics of a good mounting medium?

A

✅ Refractive index should be as near as possible to 1.518
✅ It should be freely miscbile eith xylene and toluene
✅ It should not cause shrinkage and distortion of tissues
❎ Should dry quickly

90
Q

EPON, Spurr, and Araldite are examples of what infiltrating medium?

A

Plastics

91
Q

After using Fuelgen Technique, the resulting color of the DNA is:

A

Red-purple

92
Q

The definitive, most sensitive technique for identifying DNA is:

A

In-situ hybridization

Fuelgen technique: most specific and reliable

93
Q

Frozen section is employed for the following purposes, EXCEPT:

A

✅ Fat demonstration
✅ Rapid diagnosis
✅ Enzymes
❎ Amyloid

94
Q

For frozen section, the tissue should be sent to the laboratory:

A

Fresh and unfixed

95
Q

Immunohistochemistry is employed for the following purposes:

A

To localize the cell of origin of tumor

96
Q

Synthetic dyes are derived from benzene and are collectively known as:

A

Aniline dyes

97
Q

Accentuators accelerate the speed of staining reactions. Which of the following stains is correctly matched with its corresponding accentuator?

A

Carbol fuchsin ➡️ phenol

98
Q

This is the property of tissues to be stained wih fat or oil-soluble dyes, regardless of the type of dye used, due to their essential lipid nature:

A

Sudanophilia

99
Q

Which of the following hematoxylins is used for the study of spermatogenesis?

A

Copper hematoxylin

100
Q

The most commonly used antibody class for Immunocytochemistry is:

A

IgG

101
Q

Many masked antigens can be retrieved in routinely processed tissues. Which of the following procedures is NOT used in antigen recovery from the said tissues?

A

✅ Proteolytic enzyme digestion
✅ Microwave antigen retrieval
✅ Pressure cooker antigen retrieval
❎ Vaccum-induced antigen retrieval

102
Q

Which of the following is an oncofetal antigen that is present in carcinomas of GI tract, pancreas, lung, breast, ovary, uterus, and cervix and is especially useful for differrentiating bet. adenocarcinoma and mesothelioma?

A

Cea

103
Q

The following are the two most common immunohistochemical markers used to assess proliferation of tumor cells, EXCEPT:

A

✅ Ki-67
✅ PLAP (Placenta like ALP)
✅ TTF-1 (Thyroid Transcription Factor-1)
❎ PCNA (Proliferating Cell Nuclear Ag)

104
Q

The benign neoplasm of the adipose tissue is called:

A

Lipoma

105
Q

In most private hospitals, the histopathologic report is typed in:

A

Triplicate (doctor, patient, file copy)

106
Q

Saccomano’s fixative is composed of:

A

50% ethanol + 2% carbowax

107
Q

When using a spray fixative in preserving cytolical smears, the slide should be kept at a distance of about:

A

12 inches

108
Q

During the fixation of cytological smears, the following precautions should be observed:

A

✅ Identify the slides before preparing the smears
✅ Use paper clips to be identified end of the slide bfore preparing smears
✅ Smears should be placed into the fixative containee immediately after preparation
✅ Avoid striking the bottom of the fixative container forcefully

109
Q

Sputum specimens intended for cytological examination are considered satisfactory if:

A

Alveolar macrophages are present

110
Q

Jelly-like clots in effusions submitted for cytology may be prevented by using:

A

Heparin

111
Q

All of the following are staining methods used for the demonstraton of elastic fibers, EXCEPT:

A 
✅ Taenzer-Unna Orcein Method
✅ Verhoeff's stain
✅ Krajian's Method
✅ Gomori's Aldhyde-Fuchsin stain
❎ NOTA
112
Q

Which among the stains given below may be able to demostrate deposits of fibrin?

A

Lendrum’s MSB (Martius Scarlet Blue)

113
Q

In tissue processing, a brittle or hard tissue may be due to:

A

✅ Prolonged fixation
✅ Prolonged paraffin infiltrtion
✅ Overheated paraffin oven
✅ Prolonged clearing

114
Q

The ff. are all tissue maroohages present in various sites inside the body. ID which is inappropriately matched with the tissue site.

A

✅ Littoral cells: spleen
✅ Osteoclasts: bones
✅ Hoffbauer cells: placenta
❎ Mesangial cells: brain

115
Q

These are multinucleated giant cells which are derived from cardiac histiocytes and are seen in rheumatic nodule:

A

Aschoff giant ells

116
Q

The most diffiult step to remedy in the preparation of a high quality microscopic slide of tissue is:

A

Poor fixation

117
Q

Lubricants used during knife sharpening are usually composed of:

A

Oil

118
Q

The number 50 in EA 50 stain for Pap’s smear stands for the:

A

Proportion of Light Green SF

119
Q

A specimen in the laboratory is labeled S-98-045. The number 045 represents:

A

Specimen number.

120
Q

The plasma thrombin method us a technique in preparing:

A

Cell block

121
Q

All of these are bluing agents, EXCEPT:

A

Acid alcohol

122
Q

Hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate converts hematoxylin into:

A

Stable hematein

123
Q

If the HPO is 40x and the ocular eyepiece has a magnification of 15x, what is the total magnification power?

A

600x (15 • 40)

124
Q

Stains on skin may be effectivelt removed by prompt topical application of:

A

0.5% acid alcohol, followed by rinsing with tap water

125
Q

Broken slides:

A

Mount in a clean xykene; moist skide with a drop a drop of mounting medium

126
Q

Restaining of old specimens:

A

Immere slide in xylene (24H) ➡️ remove coverslip ➡️ xylene (30 minutes) ➡️ H2O ➡️ KMNO4 ➡️ oxalic acid ➡️ water ➡️ restain

127
Q

Electron microscopic preparations are stained with:

A

Uranyl acetate

128
Q

Prior to an autopsy, the following documents must be presented and completed:

A

✅ Written consent form
✅ Death certificate
✅ Clinical protocool

129
Q

All of the ff. stains may be used for the demonstration of glycogen, EXCEPT:

A

✅ PAS
✅ Langerhan’s Iodine
✅ Best Carmine
❎ NOTA

130
Q

Which of the following vaginal cells is characterized as having “fried eggs with sunny side up” appearance?

A

Parabasal cells

131
Q

This fixative is to be avoided whenever H&E is used for staining tissues:

A

Flemming’s fluid (Osmium tetroxide)

132
Q

The PTAH is useful for demonstrating:

A

Muscle striations

133
Q

All of the ff. fixatives usually contain glacial acetic acid as their primary component, EXCEPT:

A

✅ Carnoy’s fluid
✅ Heidenhain’s SuSa
✅ Bouin’s fluid
❎ Orth’s fluid

134
Q

It is considered to be the most rapid clearing agent, suitsble for urgent biopsies which it clears within 15 to 30 minutes:

A

Xylene

135
Q

Excessive mounting meium will cause it ooze out of the sides of the cover glass and should be carefully wiped with a fine cloth moistened with:

A

Xylene

136
Q

Which of the ff. may be used as a substitut for xylene and benzene for clearing both during embedding and mounting processes?

A

Toulene

137
Q

Clue cells are a sign of what infection?

A

G. vaginalis

138
Q

A 60 year old menopausic women taking oral estrogen replacement pills requests for a Pap’s smear. Her exected CHMI would be:

A

0/0/100 (Post menopausing women: shift the the L; increased parabasal cells)

139
Q

Thymol is added to Mayer’s egg albumin in order to:

A

Prevent fungal overgrowth

140
Q

Removal of formalin or mercury pigments from tissue sections is done before:

A

Staining

141
Q

An embedding machine with a defective thermostat with uncontrolled high temp. will produce tissues that are:

A

Hard and brittle

142
Q

Deparaffinization is done using:

A

Xylene

143
Q

Postmortem cooling is another term used to refer to:

A

Algor mortis (rate of decreaed 7 deg F per hour)

144
Q

All of the ff. can help in the estimation of the time of death of a person, EXCEPT:

A

✅ Liver mortis
✅ Stomach contents
✅ Algor mortis
❎ Entomologic evidence

145
Q

Programmed cell death is also called:

A

Apoptosis

146
Q

Nissl or tigroid substance are coarse granules made up of RNA that are scattered in the cytoplasm of:

A

Nerve cells

147
Q

The papanicolau staining method produces a transparent blue staining of cytoplasm due to the action of:

A

High alcoholic content of the cytoplasmic counterstain

148
Q

HBsAg may be demonstrated through:

A

Orcein method

149
Q

The Warthin-Starry method of staining is used for the demonstration of:

A

Spirochetes

150
Q

Laboratory sections keeping stocks of formalin solution should be well ventilated in order to prevent inhalation of fumes and consequent injury to the:

A

Eyes and nose

151
Q

This deals with the study of tissues removed from living body:

A

Surgical pathology

152
Q

Which of the following should be selected when it is desirable to preserve erythrocytes in the tissue?

A

B-5

153
Q

EA 50 is a polychrome stain composed of 3 stains which include all of the ff., EXCEPT:

A

✅ Eosin Y
✅ Light green SF
✅ Bismarck brown
❎ Hematoxylin

154
Q

This clearing agent is recommended for tough tissues. However, it is toxic to the liver after prolonged inhalation and it does not make the tissues tranparent:

A

Chloroform

155
Q

Unfixed gastric speciment submitted at 10 AM, collected at 8.30 AM:

A

Reject the specimen. Not suitable for analysis.

156
Q

Presence of pear shaped organisms that stain blue-green with a slit like eccentric nucleus:

A

T. vaginalis

157
Q

Stains on the skin should be avoided bec. they are slowlt absorbed by the skin and can produce side effects. Stains maybe effectively removed from the skin by promt topical aplication of:

A

0.5% acid alcohol, followed by rinsing with tap water

158
Q

Chromophores, EXCEPT:

A

✅ Azo groups
✅ Xanthese
✅ Oxazin
❎ Carboxyl groups

159
Q

Contrast stain for staining ascaris eggs and RCs, and as a bacterial spore stain. Used as both decolorizer and counterstain:

A

Malachite green

160
Q

Physical agent used in fixation:

A

Heat

161
Q

These are brown black granules produced by unstable formaldehyde fixative as a results of the reaction bet. formic acid and hemoglobin:

A

Acid Formaldehyde hematin

Removed by Kardasewitch; Lilie’s; Saturated Alcoholic Picric Acid; Alcoholic KOH

162
Q

All of the following contain mercury, EXCEPT:

A

✅ Carnoy-Lebrun
✅ Schaudinn’s fluid
✅ Ohlmacher’s fluid
❎ Bouin’s fluid ( picrate fixative; for embryos + pituitary biopsies)

163
Q

All are chromate-containing fixative, EXCEPT:

A

✅ Regaud’s fluid
✅ Orth’s fluid
✅ Moller’s fluid
❎ Bouin’s fluid

164
Q

This metallic fixative is generally indicated for preserving acid mucopolysaccharides:

A

Lead fixatives

ACM: stained with Alcian Blue

165
Q

This group of fixatives produced excessive yellow staining of tissues:

A

Picrates: explosive when dry

166
Q

What is the general disadvantage of all alcoholic fixatives?

A

Polarization

167
Q

This is considered to be the most rapid fixative:

A

Carnoy’s fluid

168
Q

The required fixation time of the most rapid fixative is:

A

Carnoy’s Fluid: 1 to 3 hours

169
Q

Which of the following fixatives may also act as a dehydrating agent?

A

Ethanol (best decalcifying agent)

170
Q

The most commonly used mordants for making hematoxylin solutions are:

A

Aluminum and iron

171
Q

Osmium tetroxide fixatives are contraindicated for H&E Staining techniques because:

A

They inhibit hematoxylin

172
Q

The formalin pigments formed from the combination of formic acid and hemoglobin may be removed by:

A

Applying alcoholic picric acid

173
Q

One disadvantage of using osmium tetroxide fixative is that they cause:

A

Conjunctivitis and blindness

174
Q

All will improve the fixation of tissues, EXCEPT:

A

✅ Moderate heat
✅ Agitation
✅ Thinner slices of tissues
❎ Mucus (Thickness, fats, blood, cold temp)

175
Q

Fixatives may be used for the diagnosis of rabies:

A

Acetone

Used at cold temp. (-5 to -4C)

176
Q

The optimum temperature for microwave fixation is:

A

45-55C

177
Q

The temperature of the paraffin oven used for impregnation is usually:

A

2-5 C above the melting point of the impregnating medium

55 - 66 C

178
Q

Fixative used for the preservation of the tumor biopsies of the skin is:

A

Heidenhain’s SuSa

179
Q

This substitute for paraffin wax is a mixture of highly purified paraffin and synthetic plastic polymers. It is also described to be more elastic and resilient than paraffin and is used for large dense tissues:

A

Paraplast

180
Q

Paraffin wax substitute recommended for embedding the eyes:

A

Bioloid

181
Q

“Suicide sac” within its cytoplasm called:

A

Lysosome

182
Q

This agent is used for infiltrating tissues intended for electron microscopy:

A

Plastic

183
Q

Paraffin wax substitute that can be used without dehydration and clearing:

A

Carbowax

184
Q

Impregnating medium recommended for histochemistry and enzymology studies:

A

Gelatin

water soluble

185
Q

Lendrum’s Method:

A

A method making hard tissues by allowing them to be washed out in running water overnight then subsequently, the tissues are immersed in 4% aqueous phenol for 1 to 3 days

186
Q

To ensure adequate fixation and some hardening prior to microtomy, brain is usually suspended whole in 10% buffered formalin for:

A

2 to 3 weeks

187
Q

Surgical pathology logbook includes all, EXCEPT:

A

✅ Names of the patient and requesting physician
✅ Kind of specimen
✅ Clinical and pathological diagnosis
❎ Treatment to be done

188
Q

Fixation of surgical specimen is traditionally carried out at:

A

Room Temperature

189
Q

What does “CA” mean in CA-125?

A

Cancer antigen

190
Q

Chemicals that cause reversible inflammatory effects at the site of contact with living tissue:

A

Irritants

191
Q

All are considered as disadvantages of using formaldehyde, EXCEPT:

A

✅ Fumes may cause sinusitis, allergic rhinitis or excessive lacrimation
✅ Solutions may cause allergic dermatitis on prolonged contact
✅ prolonged fixation may produce bleaching of the specimen and loss of natural tissue colors
❎ It is extremely corrosive to metals

192
Q

EDTA, when use to promote bone decalcification, acts as:

A

A chelating agent

193
Q

Glacial acetic acid is combined with many other fixing agents to:

A

Inhibit shrinking of cells

194
Q

All descriptions are attributed to Carnoy’s fluid, EXCEPT:

A

✅ Recommended for fixing chromosomes, lymph glands, and urgent biopsies
✅ The most rapid fixative
✅ Used also to fix brain tissue for the diagnosis of rabies
✅ Excellent fixative for glycogen
❎ None of the above

195
Q

These are brownish black granules produced by instable formaldehyde fixatives as a result of the reaction bet. formic acid and hempoglobin:

A

Acid fomaldehyde hematin (Removed by Kardasewitch; Lillie’s; Sat. Alcoholic Picric Acid; Alcoholic KOH)

196
Q

All of the following contain mercury, EXCEPT:

A

✅ Carnoy-Lebrun
✅ Schaudinn’s fluid
✅ Olmacher’s fluid
❎ Bouin’s fluid

197
Q

All are chromate containing fixative, EXCEPT:

A

✅ Regsud’s fluid
✅ Orth’s fluid
✅ Moller’s fluid
❎ Bouin’s fluid

198
Q

This metallic fixative is generally indicated for preserving acid mucopolysaccharides:

A

Lead fixatives (stain: Alcian Blue)

199
Q

This group of fixative produces excessive yellow staining of tissues:

A

Picrates

200
Q

What is the general disadvantage of alcoholic fixatives?

A

Polarization

201
Q

This is considered to be the most rapid fixative:

A

Carnoy’s (fixation of chromosomes, brain, lymph nodes, urgent biopsies)

202
Q

The required fixation time of the most rapid fixative is:

A

Carnoy’s: 1 - 3 hours only

203
Q

Which of the following fixatives may also act as a dehydrating agent?

A

Ethanol (best decalcifying agent)

204
Q

The most commonly used mordant for making hemtoxylin solutions are:

A

Aluminum and iron

205
Q

Osmium tetroxide fixatives are contraindicated for H&E techniques bec.:

A

They inhibit hematoxylin

MAVM: Histopathology (2 decks)

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