Intelligence theories Flashcards
What are the different approaches to Intelligence & Abilities?
• Factor analytic approaches - ‘g’, general intelligence -Primary mental abilities -Hierarchical models • Alternative approaches -Triarchic Theory (Robert Sternberg) -Multiple Intelligences (Howard Gardner)
What is intellectual disability?
- Intellectual disability is a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behaviour as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills.
- IQ below 70 and poor adaptive function
What are the categories of disorders?
1. Global deficits • Intellectual disability • Down Syndrome • Prader Willi Syndrome 2. Global plus specific deficits • Fragile X syndrome • Klinefelter Syndrome 3. Specific deficits • Dyscalculia
What are Autism Savants?
• refers to individuals with autism who have extraordinary skills not exhibited by most persons
What is high intelligence?
- IQ 135+
* Very successful academically
What did Charlse spearman theories?
• the two factor theory of intelligence
• Created the first psychometric test of intelligence. He used the two factor theory to explore the relationship between abilities. He stated that any cognitive performance is a function of two factors
- General ability: Common to most cognitive performances
- Specific ability: Specific to a given test
• He found a relationship between discrimination tasks and ‘real world’ intelligence. He used the relationship between tasks as support for the notion that there is a central g underlying intelligence. A significant correlation of .4 was found. This suggested that a single property may underly intelligence. Thus providing support for a relationship between all tests.
What did Louis Thurstone theorise?
primary mental abilities theory:
• rather than a single property underlying intelligence, performance is subserved by a number of primary mental abilities: Cognitive abilities which contribute to complex problem solving. • Some ability tests are similar and thus can be categories together into the same ‘mental ability’. These abilities can be grouped into just 7 primary mental abilities through factor analysis: They are independent of each other • - Word fluency - Verbal comprehension - Spatial visualisation - Number facility - Associative memory - Reasoning - Perceptual speed
What is Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Ability?
- his view measuring intelligence not only entails assessing how much of a certain ability we each have, but also how we use and/or combine our abilities to solve problems or adapt to certain environments. In contrast to others’ descriptions of intelligence, the governmental model leads to the assessment of how intelligence is used, directed, or exploited. Two individuals of equal intelligence might use or combine metacomponents quite differently. It then might be the recombination, use or directed application of the metacomponents that could make one seem more intelligent or more successful than the other in tackling certain tasks.
- Three types of intelligence: Componential, contextual, experiential
What is Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of successful intelligence?
Newer version of Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Ability
• Mapping old to new
- Componential = Analytical
- Experiential = Creative
- Contextual = Practical
• Analytical intelligence: Allows individuals to solve problems; to learn from context and reason; and to think critically, analyse and evaluate ideas, solve problems and make decisions. It is measured by conventional IQ tests.
• Creative intelligence: Allows us to decide what problems to solve, cope with novelty, and to go beyond what is given to generate novel and interesting ideas.
• Practical intelligence: Allows us to make solutions; solve real-world and everyday problems; and to implement ideas: The ability used when intelligence is applied to real world contexts. Our ‘common sense’
What did Howard Gardner Theories?
theory of multiple intelligences:
• differentiates human intelligence into specific ‘modalities’, rather than seeing intelligence as dominated by a single general ability.
• Identified 7 distinct intelligences THAT ARE INDEPENDENT OF EACHOTHER:
- 7 + 2 classes of intelligence
1. Linguistic intelligence
- Syntax: Word phrasing - Phonology: Sounds of speech
- Semantics: Meaning of words - Pragmatics: Usage of words
2. Musical intelligence: The understanding of
- Pitch - Rhythm
- Timbre
3. Logical-mathematical intelligence
- Numbers and qualities - Internalised counting
- Categorisation - Higher-order reasoning
- Casual relations
4. Spatial intelligence
- Visualisation - Manipulation of mental images
5. Bodily-kinaesthetic intelligence
- Control of one’s bodily motions - Capacity to handle objects skilfully
6. Intrapersonal intelligence: Awareness of own
- Feelings - Emotions
- Goals - Motivations
7. Interpersonal intelligence: Awareness of others
- Feelings - Emotions
- Goals - Motivations
What is Phrenology?
• Studying the bumps on your brain
What is the left hemisphere of the brain specialized in?
Specialisation of the verbal/language ability
What is the right hemisphere of the brain specialized in?
Right hemisphere: Associated with specialisation of visuospatial information and emotions
What is frontal g and who argued for it?
• John Duncan has argued that the frontal lobe is responsible for intelligent action. He links Spearman’s g to goal directed tasks. Frontal tasks: Require sustained attention to achieve.
• - Goal neglect: Occurs when a person understands but fails to change their actions
- Frontal areas are related to fluid intelligence
