Intelligence Flashcards
What is the Simon and Binet intelligence test?
Created in 1904, the test was used to measure chronological age and mental age in order to stream children in French schools.
What was Henry Goddard’s contribution to intelligence testing?
He brought the Simon-Binet test to the U.S. in 1908 in order to identify “mentally retarded” children. He viewed intelligence as fixed, considering it to be hereditary “feeble-mindedness”.
What were Binet’s assumptions about intelligence?
Intelligence (required to succeed at school) underlies reasoning, thinking, and problem-solving.
Children’s mental abilities increase with age.
Describe the Stanford-Binet intelligence scale?
Developed by Lewis Terman at Stanford University in 1916
First proposed testing for IQ
What doe the Stanford-Binet intelligence scale measure?
Fluid reasoning Knowledge Quantitative reasoning Visual-spatial processing Working memory
How do you calculate IQ?
Mental age divided by chronological age times by 100
How does Wechsler define intelligence?
“The global capacity to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with the environment”.
What does WAIS stand for?
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales
Describe the WAIS-IV.
15 subtests (10 core, 5 optional)
Items become progressively harder as the test progresses
Determines a profile of abilities, not just IQ
What are the four index scores of the WAIS-IV?
Verbal comprehension index (VCI)
Perceptual reasoning index (PRI)
Working memory index (WMI)
Processing speed index (PSI)
What does WISC stand for?
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Describe the WISC-V.
7 subtests to determine overall IQ.
Includes five index scores
Used for school-based assessments
What are the five index scores of the WISC-V?
Verbal comprehension Visual-spatial Fluid reasoning Working memory Processing speed
What are aptitude measures?
Assess the potential to learn or perform well in the future
SAT, ACT, GRE verbal and quantitative tests.
What are achievement measures?
Test specific learning
GRE subject area tests
Classroom tests - e.g. reading level/ability
Describe Raven’s progressive matrices.
Provides a measure of 'g' 60 multiple-choice items No subtests Non-verbal Culturally fair (somewhat)
What are some strengths of IQ tests?
Standardised to allow comparison
Scores are consistent for teens and adults (reliable)
Predicts success in school and occupation
Validity is high if test is used appropriately
What are some weaknesses of IQ tests?
Reliability isn’t good before age 7
Can’t predict success in non-relevant areas
Cultural factors have an influence
Other factors can play a role, such as emotional, physical, motivational and problem-solving strategy.
What is the purpose of intelligence testing?
Specific goal - not just to get an IQ score
Predict real-world behaviours/performance
Detect barriers to learning and intellectual disabilities
Develops a profile of strengths and weaknesses
What are some areas to consider in intelligence testing?
What types of tasks to include - what best measures intelligence
Statistical properties of the test - norming
Rules for administering the test
Interpreting the results - scoring
What is norming?
Representativeness of sample - age - gender - ethnicity - geographic region - occupation - urban/rural residence Needs to broadly represent the population (can be expensive).
What is necessary for administering?
Trained psychologist Testing situation Directions Phrasing Conversational style Rapport-building (pre-test) Time limits Consistency in presentation order Terminate task after certain number of incorrect responses
Describe nature and nurture in intelligence.
Influenced partly by genetics - not clear exactly which genes are involved.
Intelligence is developed ability
Influenced partly by environment - education, culture and other life experiences.
What are the findings of adoption studies regarding IQ?
Children whose biological parents were wealthy had higher IQs than children whose biological parents were poor, regardless of the socioeconomic status of the adoptive family.
Summarise the findings of the Duyme et al (1999) study.
65 deprived (neglected or abused) children were selected. Adopted between 4 and 6 years and had an IQ of less than 86 (mean = 77, SD = 6.3) before adoption. Average IQs of children in low SES were 85 and higher SES were 98 at adolescence. Significant gain in IQ dependent on SES of adoptive families.
Why does SES affect IQ?
Parents’ intelligence influences occupation and status.
Income affects the family environment (books, etc.)
Motivation differences (higher SES value education more)
More opportunities for people with higher IQs.
Summarise the findings of Kaler and Freeman (1994)
25 children (23-50mths) in Romanian orphanage. Romanian orphans with minimal human interaction showed severely delayed cognitive development (particularly in areas of interaction, requesting, play, indicating, self-recognition and social reference).
What is Project Head Start?
Program of the USA’s department of Health and Human Services that assists children from low-income families - health, nutrition, parent-child relationships, how to enrich environments.
What is Charles Spearman’s 2 factor theory of intelligence?
An individual’s performance at one type of cognitive task tends to be positively correlated to their performance at other kinds of cognitive tasks. He suggested that these correlations reflected the influence of an underlying general (g) factor. These g factors consist of several specific (s) factors.
What is Louis Thurstone’s theory of intelligence?
Thurstone suggested that opposed to just one general ability; there are 7 primary factors.
What are Thurstone’s seven primary factors?
- Numerical
- Reasoning
- Verbal fluency
- Spatial visualisation
- Perceptual ability
- Memory
- Verbal comprehension
What is Raymond Cattell’s theory of intelligence?
Distinguished 2 types of general intelligence: fluid intelligence (gf) and crystallised intelligence (gc). Cattell proposed there are 2 g factors with 7 underlying smaller factors
How does Cattell define fluid intelligence?
The capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations
How does Cattell define crystallised intelligence?
The ability to use learned knowledge and apply it.
What is the information processing/cognitive model of intelligence?
Focuses on understanding the processes that underlie intelligent behaviour:
- the amount of information that can be processed
- the speed of the processing
- working memory
- knowledge/long-term memory
- ability to acquire and apply cognitive strategies
What are Gardner’s nine multiple intelligences?
Linguistic Logical Spatial Musical Body Intrapersonal Interpersonal Naturalistic Spiritual/existential
What is an intellectual disability?
Deficit in intellectual functioning (IQ usually below 70 or 75). Usually affects areas of reasoning, problem solving, planning, verbal comprehension, abstract thinking, judgement and quantitative reasoning.
What cognitive characters do individuals with an intellectual disability usually possess?
- Perform certain mental operations slowly
- Have a smaller knowledge base
- Do not remember to use certain mental strategies even if they know how to (adaptive functioning)
What are some causes of intellectual disability?
Genetic causes - down syndrome, fragile X syndrome
Environmental - rubella, foetal alcohol syndrome, infections
What difficulties does an individual need to have in order to be diagnosed with dyslexia or other intellectual disabilities?
- Inaccurate or effortful reading
- Difficulty understanding the meaning of what is read
- Difficulties with spelling
- Difficulties with written expression
- Difficulties with numbers
- Difficulties with mathematical reasoning.
Why should IQ tests be used in the classroom?
Test for:
- Academic problems
- Behavioural issues
- Streamlining
