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Psychology 102 > Intelligence > Flashcards

Intelligence Flashcards

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1
Q

Francis Galton says

A

People with better senses acquire more knowledge.

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2
Q

Most psychologists now agree that

A

Intelligence has something to do with the capacity to understand theoretical concepts (abstract thinking).

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3
Q

Intelligence

A

capacity to: understand the world, think rationally and use resources effectively when faced with challenges.

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4
Q

Charles Spearman’s G-factor Theory

A

The general factor for mental ability. According to Spearman, this g factor was responsible for overall performance on mental ability tests.

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5
Q

What did later research find about intelligence?

A

That it’s not a uniform entity, it’s a multidimensional concept that includes different types of intelligence.

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6
Q

Stenberg’s Triarchic Model of Intelligence Theory

A
  1. Analytical Intelligence: the ability to reason logically, closely related to g-factor. (traditional intelligence tests, college admission exams)
  2. Practical Intellıgence: Tacit intelligence, ability to solve real-world problems. (employees & bosses & soldiers perform in business and military settings)
  3. Creative Intelligence: Ability to come up with new solutions to problems. (composing a poem, piece of music)
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7
Q

Cattell and Horn Fluid/ Crystallized intelligence Theory

A

Fluid intelligence: Reflects the ability to think logically, reason abstractly, and solve problems.
E.g. When trying to solve a new puzzle

Crystallized intelligence: Accumulation of information, knowledge, and skills that people learn through experience & education.
E.g. What is the capital city of Italy?

Evidence:
Fluid intelligence decreases when older
Crystallized Intelligence increases when older

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8
Q

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory

A
  1. Linguistic - Speak and write well
  2. Logico-mathematical - Use logic and mathematical skills to solve problems
  3. Spatial - Think and reason about objects in three-dimensional space
  4. Musical - Perform, understand, and enjoy music
  5. Bodily-kinesthetic - Manipulate the body in sports, dance, or other physical endeavours
  6. Interpersonal - Understand and interact effectively with others
  7. Intrapersonal - Understand and possess insight into self
  8. Naturalistic - Recognize, identify, and understand animals, plants, and other living things.
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9
Q

Biological bases of intelligence - Lateral prefrontal cortex facts

A
  • Managing pieces of information simultaneously
  • Solving new problems
  • Higher intelligence is related to the thickness of the cerebral cortex
  • People who think quickly tend to be more intelligent
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10
Q

Alfred Binet - Development of IQ Test (1857-1911)

A
  • If performance on certain tasks improves with age, performance could be used to distinguish intelligent/nonintelligent in a particular age group
  • Binet presented tasks to same-age students who had been bright /dull by their teachers
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11
Q

Mental Age

A

Age for which a given level of performance is average

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12
Q

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

A

Takes into account an individual’s mental and chronological ages (CA)
IQ score = MA/ CA X 100
* Anyone who has a mental age equals to chronical age has an IQ= 100

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13
Q

How are Binet’s Tests administered?

A

administered orally and includes verbal and non-verbal assignments.

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14
Q

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale –IV

A
  • 6 & older
  • Consists of 15 subtests that give five scores:
    1. Overall IQ
    2. Verbal comprehension
    3. Perceptual reasoning
    4. Working memory
    5. Processing speed
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15
Q

In order to asses intelligence, we need

A

Test validity and reliability, that are prerequisites for accurate assessment of intelligence

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16
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency of the measurement. Similar scores over time

In adults, scores tend to be highly stable over long periods of time

17
Q

Validity

A

The test actually measures what it is supposed to measure

18
Q

Norms

A

Standards of test performance that permit the comparison of one person’s score on a test with the scores of others (scores % top 15 )

Standardized tests

19
Q

Adaptive testing

A

Every test-taker does not receive identical sets of test questions, computer individualizes the test to the test-taker.
The greater the number of difficult questions correctly, the higher the score.

20
Q

Intellectual Disabilities

A

characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behaviour, which covers many everyday social and practical skills.

21
Q

Levels of IQ on intellectual dissabilities

A

Mild = IQ of 55 to 69 - Constitutes 90% of all people with intellectual disabilities development is slow but able to hold jobs & families.
Moderate =IQ of 40 to 54 - motor & language skill deficits, simple job
Severe = IQ of 25 to 39
Profound = IQ below 25 - cannot function independently

22
Q

Factors responsible for mental disabilities

A

Environmental and biological factors are responsible.

  1. Fetal alcohol syndrome
  2. Down syndrome
  3. Others
  4. Familial intellectual disability
23
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Occurs in newborns, caused by the mother’s use of alcohol during pregnancy.

24
Q

Down syndrome

A

Occurs if a person is born with 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46 (an extra copy of the 21st chromosome)

25
Q

Others

A

Birth complications. Lack of oxygen.

26
Q

Familial intellectual disability

A

No apparent biological defect exists but there is a history of intellectual disability in the family
The more severe the retardation, the less likely it is to run in families.

27
Q

Integrating individuals with intellectual disabilities - Education for All Handicapped Children Act (Public Law 94-142), the middle 1970s

A

People with intellectual disabilities are entitled to a full education and must be educated and trained in the least restrictive environment

28
Q

Mainstreaming

A

Integration into regular classrooms during specific time periods.

29
Q

Full inclusion

A

Total integration of all students (even the most severe disabled) into regular classes, no separate special classes

30
Q

The Intellectually Gifted and facts about them

A

2-4 % of the population who have IQ scores greater than 130.

  • There are negative stereotypes associated with the intellectually gifted
  • Intellectually gifted are most often outgoing, well-adjusted, healthy, popular, able to do things better than the average person.
31
Q

What Lewis Therman’s (1920s) study was about?

A

1500 children (above140 IQ) followed rest of life more physically, academically, socially capable. Earned higher incomes, made more contributions to art & literature.

32
Q

Gender differences - What are women/men better in?

A

Women better in

  • verbal tasks; spelling, writing & pronouncing words
  • facial recognition & understanding expressions of others
  • arithmetic calculation (only in childhood)
Men better in
tasks of spatial ability
Mental rotation tasks
Mathematical tasks involving
 complex reasoning  & geometry
33
Q

Racial Differences (factors)

A

tests scores between races might be different.

some IQ scores might be genetical

34
Q

Environmental Factors

A
  • Blacks- economically disadvantaged group
  • Racial gap drops sig.ly after college education
  • Blacks raised in economically enriched environments have similar scores to whites
  • Adopted black children by white families score higher
  • Greatest discrepancies in IQ scores occur when comparing individuals not when comparing mean IQ scores of different groups
35
Q

Bias in IQ Testing

A
  • The background and experience of test-takers do have the potential to affect results
  • Tests may be biased against some racial and cultural groups on the basis of the types of questions provided
36
Q

Culture-Fair IQ Tests

A

Consist of abstract-reasoning items that don’t depend on language

37
Q

Flynn Effect

A

The average IQ of the population has been rising by about 3 points every 10 years
The average person today gets more items correct on IQ tests than the average person did several generations ago

Psychology 102 (3 decks)

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