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PSYCO 105 > Intelligence > Flashcards

Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

What is intelligence?

A

The ability to direct one’s thinking, adapt to one’s circumstances, and learn from one’s experience.

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2
Q

Why were intelligence tests designed?

A

To objectively detect and measure differences in the abilities of the factors of intelligence across individuals.

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3
Q

Who designed the first intelligence tests? And what were they designed to do?

A

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon developed it to identify children in need of remedial education.

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4
Q

What did Binet and Simon’s intelligence test include?

A

Logic problems, remembering words, copying pictures, distinguishing edible and inedible foods, making rhymes, and answering questions.

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5
Q

What is aptitude?

A

One’s capability or ability to for something; can be an acquired or innate skill.

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6
Q

What did Binet and Simon say was being measured in their intelligence test?

A

A child’s “natural intelligence.”

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7
Q

What was the discrepancy between their mental and actual age used to determine?

A

If a child was developing normally.

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8
Q

What is a Ratio IQ?

A

A statistic obtained by dividing a person’s mental age by the person’s physical age, and then multiplying the quotient by 100.

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9
Q

Is the ratio IQ logical?

A

Not really.

E.g., a 30 year old with the mental score of a 60 year old will have an IQ of 200? Nah.

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10
Q

When is the ratio IQ applicable?

A

It’s applies well to children, but not once you get beyond teen years.

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11
Q

What is a Deviation IQ score?

A

A statistic obtained by dividing a person’s test score by the average test score of people in the same group/cohort, then multiplying the quotient by 100.

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12
Q

What is the main problem with deviation IQ scores?

A

It does not allow comparison across groups.

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13
Q

What is the logic behind an IQ test?

A

By measuring performance on tasks known to be correlated with intelligence, we can obtain a quantifiable number.

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14
Q

Is an IQ an absolute measure? What is it normally used for?

A

It is not an absolute measure, it pertains more to answering questions correctly and performing well academically.

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15
Q

What are the two most widely used intelligence tests today?

A

The Stanford-Binet IQ test and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS).

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16
Q

What is the WAIS made up of?

A

13 subsections, only 3 of which require anything to be written down. Each category and combination of categories represents a skill in a certain area.

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17
Q

What are examples of things highly correlated with intelligence test scores?

A

Academic performance, number of years of education, income and occupational status, job performance, likelihood to commit crime, life longevity, political attitudes and religious affiliation.

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18
Q

What does Spearman’s Two Factor Theory of intelligence hypothesize?

A

That every task requires a combination of general abilities (g) and skills specific to the task (s).

E.g., g = 100; s(mechanical) = 30; s(athletics) = 20; s(academics) = 160
This person’s general abilities are average, but they are very good at academics, and not great at athletics.

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19
Q

What is a savant?

A

A person with a generally low IQ, but who has an exceptional ability.

*This is easily explained by the Two Factor Theory and the Primary Mental Ability theory.

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20
Q

What is a prodigy?

A

A person with a high IQ and exceptional abilities.

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21
Q

What aspect of Spearman’s two factor theory did Thurstone disagree with?

A

The idea that there is a general intelligence score.

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22
Q

What does Thurstone’s theory of Primary Mental Ability hypothesize about IQ?

A

There is no general intelligence. Instead there are a few stable and independent mental abilities. These are the primary mental abilities.

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23
Q

What could be one of the most highly debated topics in psychology today?

A

Whether there is or is not a general intelligence factor.

i.e., Spearman vs. Thurstone.

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24
Q

What is the Three-level Hierarchy of Intelligence?

A

The theory that everyone has a general intelligence that you are born with, and it filters into three other categories. Those categories then subdivide into even more subcategories.

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25
Q

What are the theories that are trying to determine the mid-level abilities in the three-level hierarchy?

A

The data-based approach and the theory based approach.

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26
Q

John Carroll is associated with what approach to mid-level abilities?

A

The data-based approach.

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27
Q

What is the data-based approach?

A

The approach that uses statistical techniques to determine mid-level abilities.

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28
Q

What are the data-based mid-level abilities?

A

Memory and learning, visual perception, auditory perception, retrieval ability, cognitive speediness, processing speed, crystallized intelligence, and fluid intelligence.

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29
Q

What is crystallized intelligence?

A

The ability to retain and use knowledge gathered from experience.

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30
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

To draw logical inferences from prior knowledge.

31
Q

Sternberg is associated with what approach to mid-level abilities?

A

The theory-based approach.

32
Q

What are the main criticisms that theory-based researchers have for the data-based approach?

A

They argue that it misses some important mid-level abilities because it can only work with the data it has, and can only come up with abilities that can and have been measured.

33
Q

What are Sternberg’s three theory-based intelligence types?

A

Analytic intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.

34
Q

What is analytic intelligence?

A

The ability to identify and define problems and to find strategies for solving them.

35
Q

What is creative intelligence?

A

The ability to generates solutions that other people could not.

36
Q

What is practical intelligence?

A

The ability to apply and implement these solutions in everyday settings.

37
Q

What did Sternberg believe about intelligence tests?

A

That they could only measure analytical intelligence.

38
Q

What approach to mid-level abilities is Howard Gardner associated with?

A

Theory-based approach.

39
Q

What did Gardner’s abilities include?

A

Linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic (athletic), interpersonal (social skills), intrapersonal (in the mind), and naturalistic.

40
Q

Is there a clear winner between data and theory based approaches?

A

No, currently it is a matter of personal opinion.

41
Q

Which approach is more susceptible to bias?

A

The theory driven approach, due to the researcher’s beliefs and theoretical orientation. This is not a problem for data-based researchers because it is all empirical.

42
Q

What does Gardner believe current intelligence tests can measure?

A

His first three abilities: linguistic, logical-mathematical, and spatial.

43
Q

What is emotional intelligence?

A

The ability to reason about emotions and to use emotions to enhance reasoning.

44
Q

What would having high emotional intelligence allow you to do?

A

It would allow you to have better understandings of other people’s points of views and emotions by picking up on facial and vocal cues.

45
Q

What does neural evidence indicate about emotionally intelligent people?

A

They show less neural activity when solving emotional problems than people with low emotional intelligence.

46
Q

What factors are correlated with high emotional intelligence?

A

Better social skills, more friends, romantic relations, happiness.

47
Q

How strong a part do genetics play in matters of intelligence?

A

There is a strong correlation in identical twins reared both together (r=0.86) and separately (r=0.78).

48
Q

Does how you are reared have much to do with intelligence?

A

No, two unrelated people raised together have shown a low correlation (r=0.26)

49
Q

Environment still has something to do with intelligence. How does environment interplay with genetics in determining intelligence?

A

The range of someone’s intelligence is determined by their genes. But where you fall inside that range is determined by your environment.

50
Q

What is relative intelligence?

A

When you compare people within a sample in terms of IQ; their relative ranking will not change over time.

51
Q

What is absolute intelligence?

A

This is a person’s absolute IQ score, it does not change over time.

52
Q

What factors influence a person’s IQ across time?

A

Socioeconomic status, age, education.

53
Q

Why does socioeconomic status play such an important role in environmentally determined intelligence?

A

Low-SES children tend to have poorer nutrition and medicare, experience greater daily stress, and are more likely to be exposed to environmental toxins. These all affect brain development.

High-SES children also tend to have more stimulating environments and situations.

54
Q

Has breastfeeding been correlated with IQ?

A

Yes. It has been known to enhance IQ by 6 points.

55
Q

What did one study following children in high and low-SES households find in relation to words heard?

A

High-SES children had heard on average 50% more words than low-SES children.

56
Q

What is the general IQ trend, in relation to age?

A

IQ tends to increase between adolescence and middle age, then decline thereafter.

57
Q

What kind of tests showed a drop in IQ in the elderly?

A

Tests that are timed, have abstract material, involve making new memories, or require reasoning about spatial relationships.

58
Q

What is a possible explanation for why there is such a high correlation between education and IQ?

A

Smart people do well and stay in school, and school tends t make those people smarter.

59
Q

Is the effect of education on IQ significant in the long run?

A

Not really, it may not be stable (hold for long), and the changes are not massive.

60
Q

Which children tend to be smarter, those born in the first 9 months of the year? Or those born in the last 3?

A

Those born in the first 9 tend to be smarter because they start school an entire year earlier than those born in the last quarter of the year.

61
Q

Do certain groups perform better than others on IQ tests?

A

Yes. Whites > Latinos > Blacks.

Women do better at processing rapid semantic info, comprehension of complex prose, fine motor skills, perceptual speed, and verbal intelligence.

Men do better at transformations in visual or spatial memory, certain motor skills, spatiotemporal responding, and fluid reasoning in mathematical and scientific domains.

62
Q

Do these differences indicate any actual differences in intelligence?

A

No.

63
Q

What is a situation that demonstrates when test situations can be biased?

A

When an African American is asked to report their race at the top of an answer sheet, they will often score lower.

64
Q

Why might ethnicity play a role in IQ score tests, other than test situations?

A

If you couple ethnicity with socioeconomic factors that are overrepresented among certain ethnic groups, then we can find a link.

E.g., African Americans often have lower SES compared to European Americans.

65
Q

What is the class of drugs shown to improve intelligence called?

A

Cognitive enhancers.

66
Q

What are some examples of cognitive enhancers?

A

Ritalin, Adderall, ampakines like Modafinil.

67
Q

How do cognitive enhancers work?

A

They improve people’s ability to focus, manipulate information in working memory, and flexibly control responses.

68
Q

What is the range for cognitive enhancer prevalence in US colleges?

A

Between 7% and 25%.

69
Q

What else may mimic the effects of cognitive enhancers?

A

Following an exercise regime with at least moderate activity 4 or more times per week.

70
Q

Environmental factors that are not experienced by all relevant members of a household are called what?

A

Nonshared Environment.

71
Q

What does the Flynn effect suggest?

A

That the IQ of people today is higher than that of people 100 years ago.

72
Q

Why did Gardner believe that only his first three (of eight) intelligence factors were measured on intelligence tests?

A

Because they are what the West has deemed intelligent.

73
Q

How many IQ points is being raised in a higher SES household responsible for?

A

Between 12 - 18.

74
Q

What is the statistical measure that indicates how much people’s IQ scores differ because of differences in their genetics?

A

The heritability coefficient.

PSYCO 105 (4 decks)

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