Intelligence

Question 1

What is intelligence

Answer 1

-A general ability to understand and use information, and to think logically
-To be able to form mental representations or models of how we understand our surroundings and the world.
-To remember them and be able to draw meaning from them

Question 2

how much of intelligence is inherited

Answer 2

40-70%

Question 3

State some examples that may display intelligence

Answer 3

Solving problems, learning quickly, memory, emotional intelligence, imagination/innovative creation, social skills

Question 4

who came up with the notion of generalised knowledge and what two types of intelligence did he propose

Answer 4

Charles Spearman
- generalised intelligence (g)
-special factors (s)

Question 5

What are the 2 types of generalised knowledge

Answer 5

There are 2 types of generalised knowledge:

GC- crystallised intelligence - stored knowledge that has accumulated over the years - ability to use prior knowledge.

GF - fluid intelligence - ability to do well in abstract reasoning and puzzles.

Question 6

What did Howard Gardner state in terms of multiple intelligence, how many different types did he propose?

Answer 6

There are 7 different types of intelligence:
-linguistic - communicate accordingly
-musical - play instruments
-logical/mathematical
-spatial - being able to drive for example
-Bodily- kinesthetic - dancers for example
-intrapersonal (between yourself)
-interpersonal (between yourself and others)

Question 7

what is the difference between intelligence and IQ

Answer 7

• intelligence is the general ability to understand and use information, and to think logically. To be able to form mental representations or models of how we understand our surroundings and the world. To remember them and be able to draw meaning from them
  -IQ is the measure of one’s cognitive abilities in relation to their age group that is derived rom scoring intelligence tests (mental age/chronological age x 100)
  -IQ aims to quantify intellectual abilities and potential with average score being 100. set at 100 which means tear majority of people fall in this range, and highlights those below and above average.

Question 8

what are the subdivisions of IQ tests and explain these

Answer 8

• performance tasks - non verbal reasoning, perceptual reasoning, abstract reasoning, problem solving, pattern recognition
  verbal tasks - verbal reasoning, comprehension, word analogy

Question 9

What is the difference between intelligence test and aptitude test

Answer 9

Aptitude test is used for job or university admission and intelligence test is used to quantify general intelligence and is standardised to your age.

Question 10

what is the same of the IQ curve

Answer 10

Bell curve - mean around/set at around 100 and SD is 15.

Question 11

What does an IQ <70 or <110 infer and what is an example of a common intelligence test

Answer 11

< 70 intellectual disability
>100 intellectual ability
Wechsler scales

Question 12

What are some of the extraneous influences and internal influences on IQ test scores

Answer 12

extraneous influences:
- familiarity with the concepts and materials
- motivation to do well
-distraction
-the way the test is administered
-sensory problems
-cultural issues - language, difference in world view

internal influences:
-emotional state
-physical illness
-mental illness

Question 13

What are men better at and women better at?

Answer 13

Men - visual and spatial
women - verbal tasks

Question 14

How has IQ changed over the lifespan?

Answer 14

• it rises quickly during childhood and peaks around 25-30
  -there is a slight decrease in age after 30
  -there is not a huge decline unless there is a disease or injury involved
  -crystallised intelligence peaks around 50-55- due to accumulation of knowledge
  -link between intelligence and health (lower score at age of 11 was associated with: shorter lifespan, more likely to develop lung cancer and psychiatric illness - from a specific study)

Question 15

what are some of the clinical uses of IQ tests

Answer 15

• diagnose and quantify extent of learning disability
  -categorising specific difficulties
  -assessing intellectual impairment after trauma (disease like AD, head injury, developmental disorders like congenital/genetic, foetal alcohol disorder, or Down syndrome)
  -takes longer to understand skills
  -allows the person to get the social support required to help them excel/work at their pace
  -high childhood IQ was associated with: higher economic status, less likely to smoke, but more prevalent to mod disorders and ADHD.

Question 16

What is the difference between learning disability and difficulty and what is the influence that affects their ability to learn and get along with others.

Answer 16

-disability - is more permanent and can continue throughout life
-difficulty- does no necessarily impact ones cognitive ability, it is emotional capacity that affects their ability to learn and get along with others.

Question 17

Nature vs nurture on IQ and what studies are used to look at this association

Answer 17

Heritability is 40-70% and the rest if usually learnt.
use of twin studies to see affect of genetic and environmental factors.

Question 18

what are some environmental and social influences on intelligence

Answer 18

• nutrition - malnutrition affects condition and intelligence
  -education - building knowledge
  -health and infection
  -socio economic factors
  -exposure to stress in childhood
  -exposure to environmental toxins - air pollution
  -exposure to certain drugs

Question 19

what is the relationship between education and intelligence

Answer 19

-The break period after summer for example, you tend to have lower IQ
-the longer you stay in education the more likely you are to have higher IQ.
-parental income also affects eduction , access to resources eg tuition session.

Question 20

what is the relationship between socio economic factors with intelligence

Answer 20

• low socio economic status you are more likely to have low IQ and vice versa

Question 21

what is the relationship between exposure to substances and impact on IQ

Answer 21

-alcohol - foetal alcohol disorder
-substance misuse
-tobacco

Question 22

what is the relationship between stress and intelligence

Answer 22

• exposure to domestic violence and stress you are more likely to have low IQ.
  -neglect and deprivation - low IQ

Question 23

What is the Flynn effect

Answer 23

as you age you tend to peak and then it starts to decline and other factors can affect this, like health, education, social, socio economic status.

Question 24

what is emotional intelligence

Answer 24

-refers to the ability to understand, use and manage your emotions in a positive way to relieve stress, communicate effectively and empathise with others.
-being aware of your own emotional state and others and using this to communicate and guide your actions accordingly.

Question 25

What are the three distinct conceptualisations of EI

Answer 25

• ability EI
  -mixed model
  -trait EI

Question 26

What is ability EI and what are the criticisms?

Answer 26

-A type of cognitive intelligence, based on cognitive competence and skills.
-The ability to accurately recognise the meanings of emotions and their relationships, to reason and problem solve on the basis of them, and communicate accordingly.
-understand emotions and manage them

criticisms:
-problems with measuring validity
-may be measuring personality in addition to general intelligence
-self report- respond according to socially desirable answers.

Question 27

What are the 4 elements of EI to always remember when talking about EI

Answer 27

-pereiving emotions- identifying it by looking at non verbal signals and facial expressions.
-reasoning with emotions- guiding your decision making process based on the emotions within one self or others
-understanding the emotions - interpret the meaning of the emotion
-managing emotions effectively - how you act accordingly and responding to it

Question 28

What is the mixed model EI and what are the 5 competencies?

Answer 28

• view EI as a combination of emotional ability and personal qualities (personality traits and social skills) that influence ones capacity to succeed in coping with environmental demands and pressures (how it has an impact on their personal and professional success).

-be aware of emotions and understand and express them
-understand how others feel and intact with them
-manage and control emotions
-to mange change, adapt to and solve personal/interpersonal problems
-to generate positive affect to enhance self motivation, in order to facilitate emotionally and socially intelligent behaviour.

Question 29

What is the trait model for EI?

Answer 29

-suggests that these emotional self perceptions can have significant impact on various aspects of personal and social functioning, including coping with stress, interpersonal relationships, academic and work place performance.
-ability to perceive self emotions and how that can affect the overall performance
-measured via self report in terms of self perception and can measure using trait EI questionnaire which is self rated.

Question 30

what are higher trait EI scores associated with?

Answer 30

• lower risk of mental disorders
  -higher extroversion
  -being more creative
  -having coping strategies