Intelligence

Question 1

What is general intelligence (g)?

Answer 1

Viewing intelligence as a single trait.

Question 2

What is Thurstone’s belief?

Answer 2

Primary mental abilities: intelligence isn’t a general thing, it is a few specific abilities

Question 3

What are Thurstone’s 7 primary mental abilities?

Answer 3

Word fluency, verbal meaning, reasoning, spatial visualization, numbering, memory, perceptual speed

Question 4

What are the two types of intelligence?

Answer 4

1) Crystallized intelligence: factual knowledge (e.g. word meaning, memorizing information), tends to increase over life span
2) Fluid intelligence: ability to think on the spot, problem solve (e.g. solve puzzle, street smarts), tends to peak early in adulthood

Question 5

What 3 factors can increase the stability of intelligence?

Answer 5

1) Child believes academic performance is valuable
2) Child’s parents take interest in their success
3) Child’s parents use firm but modest discipline (authoritative style)

Question 6

What are two factors that influence intelligence?

Answer 6

1) Genotype-Environment Interaction (Scarr)
2) The Immediate Environment (family, schools, society)

Question 7

What are the three effects of genotype-environment interaction?

Answer 7

1) Passive effects: children overlap with their parents’ interests with shared environment where there are opportunities to practice this skill
2) Evocative effects: children influence others’ behaviour- child shows interest in something and it affects actions of another (e.g. parent does not have same interest, but parent creates opportunities to explore said interest, such as finding materials for kid to make art)
3) Active effects: children choose things they enjoy, a focus on area child is interested in

Question 8

What are 5 factors of family’s influence on intelligence?

Answer 8

1) Emotional and verbal responsiveness of primary caregiver
2) Avoidance of excessive restrictions and punishment
3) Provisions of appropriate play material
4) Maternal involvement with child
5) Opportunities for variety of daily stimulation

Question 9

Why can poverty negatively affect intelligence?

Answer 9

Bad diet, reduced healthcare, impoverished intellectual stimulation, lack of emotional support

Question 10

What are intervention programs?

Answer 10

Programs that result in better school performance by increasing self-esteem, motivation, positive classroom behaviour, parenting skills, teacher communication, etc.

Question 11

What is Garner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory?

Answer 11

Intellect based on the view that people possess at least eight types of intelligence and children learn best through instruction that allows them to build on their strengths.

Question 12

What are the 8 types of intelligence?

Answer 12

Linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, naturalistic, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal

Question 13

What is Stenberg’s Theory of Intelligence?

Answer 13

Intelligence is the ability to achieve success in life (i.e. to be intelligent is to be able to excel in your environment, e.g. a very good drug dealer)

Question 14

What are Stenberg’s three types of abilities that influence success?

Answer 14

1) Analytic: traditional intelligence test measures: language, math, spatial
2) Practical: reasoning about everyday problems, e.g. conflict resolution
3) Creative: reasoning in novel circumstances, e.g. creating a “clean-up” game

Question 15

What are the ages of Jeanne Chall’s 5 stages of Reading Development?

Answer 15

Stage 0: birth until beginning of first grade
Stage 1: first and second grade
Stage 2: second and third grades
Stage 3: fourth - eighth grade
Stage 4: eighth to twelfth grade

Question 16

What occurs in Chall’s Stage 0?

Answer 16

Acquire key prerequisites for reading, including letters of alphabet
Gains phonemic awareness, the ability to identify sounds with spoken letters

Question 17

What occurs in Chall’s Stage 1?

Answer 17

Acquire phonological recoding skills, the ability to translate letters into sounds and to sound out words

Question 18

What occurs in Chall’s stage 2?

Answer 18

Gain fluency in reading simple material

Question 19

What occurs in Chall’s stage 3?

Answer 19

Become able to acquire new information through print (able to comprehend and think about literature they read)

Question 20

What occurs in Chall’s stage 4?

Answer 20

Develop skill of coordinating multiple perspectives (e.g. different characters)

Question 21

What are the two main ways to identify words?

Answer 21

1) Phonological recoding: sound out word to know what word is
2) Visually based retrieval: can learn after phonological recoding, instant access to word without sounding it out

Question 22

A) What is dyslexia?
B) Three facts about dyslexia?

Answer 22

A) The inability to read well despite normal intelligence
B)
Affects roughly 5-10% of kids in North America
Difficult primarily because of weakness at phonological processing, the ability to discriminate and remember sounds within words
Teaching strategies that enhance phonological recoding skill helps

Question 23

What is the Hidden Classroom?

Answer 23

How we frame success impacts a child’s performance

Question 24

What are the Hidden Classroom’s 4 messages about performance?

Answer 24

1) Beliefs about effort (from parents, selves, teachers, etc.)
2) Stereotypes about ability (who can succeed?)
3) Culture of success/achievement vs. being cool
4) Reward for risk taking (do teachers emit shame for getting things wrong)

Question 25

What are the two types of beliefs about effort?

Answer 25

1) Entity theory: belief that one either has intelligence or doesn’t, they are born with it, can imply natural ability.
2) Incremental theory: belief that a person’s intelligence is bred through effort, it is in your control, can imply that success is not guaranteed

Question 26

Do students do better when they believe entity theory or incremental theory?

Answer 26

Students do worse when they believe in entity theory because they have a harder time rebounding from failure and internalize negative feedback

Question 27

Can stereotypes affect performance?

Answer 27

Yes