Intelligence Flashcards
Define Intelligence and its’ Limitations.
Definition: ability to learn, adapt, and understand from experiences/environments
Limitations:
- relies on situational
descriptions/abstract concepts
(most common limitation)
- tests usually do not match up with the conceptual definitions of intelligence
- tests are often altered as learning and intelligence sometimes changes
How is Intelligence Measured?
- IQ tests
- Achievement Tests
- Aptitude Tests
- Binet-Simon Intelligence Test
What is the difference between Achievement and Aptitude Tests?
Achievement Tests: measures the success of a specific task (comes after the Aptitude Test)
Aptitude Tests: studies the probability of the success of a goal
What is the Binet-Simon Intelligence Test?
- A theory founded by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
- It distinguishes between children with intellectual disabilities and children with no disabilities. Register disabled students in special classes, & intellectually capable students in regular classes
- Binet defined intelligence as the ability to demonstrate memory, judgment, reasoning, & social comprehension
Psychophysical Performance
- Founded by Francis Galton who
believed in the “G” Factor - States that people with more energy can perform more work, hence develop greater intelligence
- Created tests to examine one’s sensory processing, motor skills, & reaction time
What is the Survival of the Fittest Theory and Limitations?
Definition: a theory founded by Galton who believed that only superior men were the superior God given creatures who had intelligence
Limitations:
- Tested people’s intelligence when they were drunk
- Physiological measurements that were not associated with cognitive factors
- This intelligence theory was sexist and racist
3 Components of Intelligence
- The ability to learn
- The ability to fulfill environmental demands in an effective manner
- The ability to control and understand mental activities (metacognition)
Roots of Intelligence
- General Cognitive Factor
- Interpersonal Intelligence (Knowing About Others)
- Intrapersonal Intelligence (Knowing About Yourself)
- Intellectual Self-Assertion (Advocating for your own Intellectual Achievements)
- Intellectual Self-Effacement (Being Humble about your own Intellectual Achievements)
What are the 3 Psychodynamic Approaches?
- Standardization
- Reliability
- Validity
Definition and Limitations of Standardization
Definition: using uniform procedures to gain meaningful test scores from a normative sample
Limitations
1. It assumes one’s abilities
2. It assumes that traits are normally distributed between a population
Definition and Limitation of Reliability
Definition: degree to which a test provides consistent results
Limitations:
1. Item Selection/Learning: asking a person the same question twice disrupts test results & answers may change/same
Definition of Validity
The degree of which a test measures the factors that it was supposed to measure
What is the Factor Analysis Theory?
- Theory founded by Spearman
- He believes that if a person scored on 1 cluster test, then they are also likely to perform equally as well on the other cluster tests
- This approach is a statistical method that allows researchers to determine a correlation between a group/cluster of objects
What are the 2 Factors of the Factor Analysis Theory?
- “S” (Specific Ability) Factor: specific factors that identifies a person’s specific abilities (Ex. Verbal Fluency)
- “G” (General Intelligence) Factor: refers to one’s ability to perform general mental tasks (Ex. high performance in mathematics)
What are the limitations of the Factor Analysis Theory?
- Human abilities are too diverse so they cannot be displayed in
one test at once
What is Thurstone’s 7 Factors of Intelligence Theory?
It is a theory which states that there are 7 distinct mental abilities that make the basic parts of Intelligence
7 Factors of the Intelligence Theory (Thurstone)
- Verbal Comprehension: reading, writing, comprehension,
vocabulary skills - Word Fluency: ability to generate/manipulate a large volume
of words at a rapid pace - Numerical Skill: ability to accurately perform mathematical
operations at a rapid speed - Spatial Ability: spatial visualization skills & ability to mentally t
transform these figures - Associative Memory: ability to learn and memorize a connection between unrelated items
↳ Ex. Rote Memory; memorization through repetition - Perceptual Speed: ability to perceive the visual details,
similarities and abnormalities at a quick speed - Reasoning: refers to the capability of utilizing inductive,
deductive, and arithmetic reasoning tasks/methods
What are the limitations and confounds of the Thurstone’s 7 Factors of Intelligence Theory?
Limitations:
- Mathematical Validity
- Clusters are linked to one factor
Confounds
- Socioeconomic Status (the best predictor)
- Operationalization of Cognitive Abilities
↳ Verbal, Mathematical,Memory, Spatial, Sensory
Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence
- A psychologist who believes that there are many independent
intelligences - States that damage to certain areas to the brain does not
impair all types of mental functioning
9 Basic Intelligences (Gardner’s Theory)
- Linguistic: sensitivity to the sounds and meanings of the
words (Ex. Journalist, Teacher) - Logical/Mathematical: ability to use scientific analysis, logical
and mathematical problem solving methods (Scientists,
Engineers, Mathematicians) - Musical: sensitivity to the sounds and rhythms of music (Ex.
Singers, Composers, Musicians) - Spatial: ability to accurately view spatial relationships (Ex.
Architect, Navigator, Sculptor) - Bodily/Kinesthetic: ability to control body movements &
manipulate objects (Ex. Athlete) - Interpersonal: emotion/motivation sensitivity & ability to
manage others (Ex. Therapist) - Intrapersonal: ability to understand your own and others
strengths/weaknesses (Ex. Leader) - Naturalistic: ability to understand patterns and processes of
nature (Ex. Biologist, Naturalist) - Existentialist: ability to understand religious/spiritual ideals
(Ex. Philosopher/Religious Scholars)
What are the Pros and Cons of Gardner’s Theory?
Pro: there is a deep connection between the distinct intelligences and mental functions
Con: There is not enough data to support the existence of the distant intelligences (Lack of Validity)
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
- A theory founded by Robert Sternberg (a psychologist)
- He believes that intelligence is not an unitary mental function
- States that intelligence is made up of 3 main components: Internal, Experimental, & External. He believes that the union of these components are the key to achieving knowledge
Define the 3 Components of Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
- Internal (Analytic): ability to process/acquire information, and plan/monitor/evaluate problems and is the type of intelligence used to perform straightword tasks/problems (ex.school/work)
- Experimental (Practical): intelligence type that helps us adapt/improve current environment or select new environment
- External (Creative): type of intelligence that is used to complete novel tasks & requires creativity
