Intelligence

Question 1

Define Intelligence and its’ Limitations.

Answer 1

Definition: ability to learn, adapt, and understand from experiences/environments

Limitations:
- relies on situational
descriptions/abstract concepts
(most common limitation)
- tests usually do not match up with the conceptual definitions of intelligence
- tests are often altered as learning and intelligence sometimes changes

Question 2

How is Intelligence Measured?

Answer 2

• IQ tests
• Achievement Tests
• Aptitude Tests
• Binet-Simon Intelligence Test

Question 3

What is the difference between Achievement and Aptitude Tests?

Answer 3

Achievement Tests: measures the success of a specific task (comes after the Aptitude Test)
Aptitude Tests: studies the probability of the success of a goal

Question 4

What is the Binet-Simon Intelligence Test?

Answer 4

• A theory founded by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
• It distinguishes between children with intellectual disabilities and children with no disabilities. Register disabled students in special classes, & intellectually capable students in regular classes
• Binet defined intelligence as the ability to demonstrate memory, judgment, reasoning, & social comprehension

Question 5

Psychophysical Performance

Answer 5

• Founded by Francis Galton who
  believed in the “G” Factor
• States that people with more energy can perform more work, hence develop greater intelligence
• Created tests to examine one’s sensory processing, motor skills, & reaction time

Question 6

What is the Survival of the Fittest Theory and Limitations?

Answer 6

Definition: a theory founded by Galton who believed that only superior men were the superior God given creatures who had intelligence

Limitations:
- Tested people’s intelligence when they were drunk
- Physiological measurements that were not associated with cognitive factors
- This intelligence theory was sexist and racist

Question 7

3 Components of Intelligence

Answer 7

1. The ability to learn
2. The ability to fulfill environmental demands in an effective manner
3. The ability to control and understand mental activities (metacognition)

Question 8

Roots of Intelligence

Answer 8

1. General Cognitive Factor
2. Interpersonal Intelligence (Knowing About Others)
3. Intrapersonal Intelligence (Knowing About Yourself)
4. Intellectual Self-Assertion (Advocating for your own Intellectual Achievements)
5. Intellectual Self-Effacement (Being Humble about your own Intellectual Achievements)

Question 9

What are the 3 Psychodynamic Approaches?

Answer 9

1. Standardization
2. Reliability
3. Validity

Question 10

Definition and Limitations of Standardization

Answer 10

Definition: using uniform procedures to gain meaningful test scores from a normative sample

Limitations
1. It assumes one’s abilities
2. It assumes that traits are normally distributed between a population

Question 11

Definition and Limitation of Reliability

Answer 11

Definition: degree to which a test provides consistent results

Limitations:
1. Item Selection/Learning: asking a person the same question twice disrupts test results & answers may change/same

Question 12

Definition of Validity

Answer 12

The degree of which a test measures the factors that it was supposed to measure

Question 13

What is the Factor Analysis Theory?

Answer 13

• Theory founded by Spearman
• He believes that if a person scored on 1 cluster test, then they are also likely to perform equally as well on the other cluster tests
• This approach is a statistical method that allows researchers to determine a correlation between a group/cluster of objects

Question 14

What are the 2 Factors of the Factor Analysis Theory?

Answer 14

• “S” (Specific Ability) Factor: specific factors that identifies a person’s specific abilities (Ex. Verbal Fluency)
• “G” (General Intelligence) Factor: refers to one’s ability to perform general mental tasks (Ex. high performance in mathematics)

Question 15

What are the limitations of the Factor Analysis Theory?

Answer 15

• Human abilities are too diverse so they cannot be displayed in
  one test at once

Question 16

What is Thurstone’s 7 Factors of Intelligence Theory?

Answer 16

It is a theory which states that there are 7 distinct mental abilities that make the basic parts of Intelligence

Question 17

7 Factors of the Intelligence Theory (Thurstone)

Answer 17

1. Verbal Comprehension: reading, writing, comprehension,
   vocabulary skills
2. Word Fluency: ability to generate/manipulate a large volume
   of words at a rapid pace
3. Numerical Skill: ability to accurately perform mathematical
   operations at a rapid speed
4. Spatial Ability: spatial visualization skills & ability to mentally t
   transform these figures
5. Associative Memory: ability to learn and memorize a connection between unrelated items
   ↳ Ex. Rote Memory; memorization through repetition
6. Perceptual Speed: ability to perceive the visual details,
   similarities and abnormalities at a quick speed
7. Reasoning: refers to the capability of utilizing inductive,
   deductive, and arithmetic reasoning tasks/methods

Question 18

What are the limitations and confounds of the Thurstone’s 7 Factors of Intelligence Theory?

Answer 18

Limitations:
- Mathematical Validity
- Clusters are linked to one factor
Confounds
- Socioeconomic Status (the best predictor)
- Operationalization of Cognitive Abilities
↳ Verbal, Mathematical,Memory, Spatial, Sensory

Question 19

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence

Answer 19

• A psychologist who believes that there are many independent
  intelligences
• States that damage to certain areas to the brain does not
  impair all types of mental functioning

Question 20

9 Basic Intelligences (Gardner’s Theory)

Answer 20

1. Linguistic: sensitivity to the sounds and meanings of the
   words (Ex. Journalist, Teacher)
2. Logical/Mathematical: ability to use scientific analysis, logical
   and mathematical problem solving methods (Scientists,
   Engineers, Mathematicians)
3. Musical: sensitivity to the sounds and rhythms of music (Ex.
   Singers, Composers, Musicians)
4. Spatial: ability to accurately view spatial relationships (Ex.
   Architect, Navigator, Sculptor)
5. Bodily/Kinesthetic: ability to control body movements &
   manipulate objects (Ex. Athlete)
6. Interpersonal: emotion/motivation sensitivity & ability to
   manage others (Ex. Therapist)
7. Intrapersonal: ability to understand your own and others
   strengths/weaknesses (Ex. Leader)
8. Naturalistic: ability to understand patterns and processes of
   nature (Ex. Biologist, Naturalist)
9. Existentialist: ability to understand religious/spiritual ideals
   (Ex. Philosopher/Religious Scholars)

Question 21

What are the Pros and Cons of Gardner’s Theory?

Answer 21

Pro: there is a deep connection between the distinct intelligences and mental functions
Con: There is not enough data to support the existence of the distant intelligences (Lack of Validity)

Question 22

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Answer 22

• A theory founded by Robert Sternberg (a psychologist)
• He believes that intelligence is not an unitary mental function
• States that intelligence is made up of 3 main components: Internal, Experimental, & External. He believes that the union of these components are the key to achieving knowledge

Question 23

Define the 3 Components of Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

Answer 23

1. Internal (Analytic): ability to process/acquire information, and plan/monitor/evaluate problems and is the type of intelligence used to perform straightword tasks/problems (ex.school/work)
2. Experimental (Practical): intelligence type that helps us adapt/improve current environment or select new environment
3. External (Creative): type of intelligence that is used to complete novel tasks & requires creativity