Intelligence Flashcards
Intelligence defined: global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.’
David Wechsler
The first person to study heritability of intelligence using ‘scientific’ methods. Reported the first ever twin study on intelligence. Argued that the more intelligent/successful members of society should be encouraged to reproduce –‘Eugenics’
Sir Francis Galton
1904 began administering range of intellectual tasks to ‘normal’ French school children and intellectually disabled ones.
Benit and Simon 1857 - 1911
When did the US Army starts using intelligence tests to identify intellectually disabled persons.
1914 WWI
1923 Operationalism defined ‘Intelligence as what an intelligence test measures’.
Edwin G Boring
1863 -1945 Used factor analysis - statistical technique that works on correlations among variables, ‘g’ versus ‘multiple intelligences’. Intelligence = g + s
Charles Spearman
1887 - 1955: Theory of Primary Mental Abilities - Seven primary abilities. Developed Multiple Factor Analysis.
L L Thurstone
1905 - 1998: theoretician who drew from factor analytic methods – found 2 higher order factors. Distinguished between Fluid and Crystallized intelligence.
R. B. Cattell
1955 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), Worked administering and scoring tests – Army α/β.
David Wechsler
13 subscales
- 4 factors
- Verbal Comprehension
- Perceptual Organisation
- Working Memory
- Processing Speed
- Full Scale IQ
- Verbal IQ
- Performance IQ
WAIS-III
2008: A simplified test structure and greater emphasis on four indices of ‘discrete domains of cognitive functioning’.
WAIS–IV
Nisbett et al. (2012) Massive gains in IQ across generations. Increases from one generation to the next of 10 – 15 IQ points = 1 SD
The Flynn effect
