Intellectual Revolutions and Society

Question 1

series of events that led to the emergence of modern science and the progress of scientific thinking across critical periods in history

Answer 1

Intellectual Revolution

Question 2

It emerged as a result of the interaction of science and technology and of the society.

Answer 2

Intellectual Revolution

Question 3

Three Important Intellectual Revolutions

Answer 3

Copernican Revolution
Darwinian Revolution
Freudian Revolution

Question 4

ancient philosopher and astronomer who stated that planets, sun and the moon revolved around the Earth.

Answer 4

Claudius Ptolemy

Question 5

earth is the center of the solar system and the universe. It was widely accepted by the people and was one of the greatest discoveries of that time.

Answer 5

Geocentrism (Geocentric model)

Question 6

a Polish mathematician and astronomer who challenged the Ptolemaic model.

Answer 6

Nicolas Copernicus

Question 7

sun is the center of the solar system.

Answer 7

Heliocentrism (Heliocentric model)

Question 8

The heliocentric model was soon accepted by other scientists of that time, most profoundly by
______________

Answer 8

Galileo Galilei

Question 9

an English naturalist and biologist who proposed the principle of natural selection.

Answer 9

Charles Darwin

Question 10

an evolutionary process by which organisms inherit, develop, and adapt traits that favored survival and reproduction.

Answer 10

Natural Selection

Question 11

Traits are manifested in offsprings that are more fit and well-suited to the challenges of survival and reproduction.

Answer 11

Darwinian Revolution

Question 12

was considered as the most controversial intellectual revolution.

Answer 12

Darwinian Revolution

Question 13

Factors of Natural Selection

Answer 13

Variation
Overproduction (leads to competition)
Survival of the fittest (adaptation)
Heritability

Question 14

there is genetic variation within a population which can be inherited

Answer 14

variation

Question 15

overproduction of offspring leads to competition for survival

Answer 15

competition

Question 16

individuals with beneficial adaptations are more likely to survive to pass on their genes

Answer 16

adaptations

Question 17

over many generations, there is a change in allele frequency (evolution)

Answer 17

selection

Question 18

Implication of Darwinian Revolution:

The development of organisms and the origin of unique forms of life and humanity could be rationalized by an ___________ of change underpinned by laws of nature.

Answer 18

orderly process

Question 19

an Austrian neurologist who developed Psychoanalysis.

Answer 19

Sigmund Freud

Question 20

a scientific method of understanding inner and unconscious conflicts embedded within one’s personality, springing from free associations, dreams, and fantasies of the individual.

Answer 20

Psychoanalysis

Question 21

Pleasure principle
Born with it
Libido -sexual desire
Fights with the superego

Answer 21

Id

Question 22

Moral principle
Developed around 5-6 years old
Fights with the id

Answer 22

Superego

Question 23

Reality principle
Develops in childhood

Answer 23

Ego

Question 24

I want to do that now

Answer 24

Id

Question 25

It’s not right to do that

Answer 25

Superego

Question 26

Maybe we can compromise

Answer 26

Ego

Question 27

Id: I want chocolate
Superego: You’re on a diet
Ego: Eat a small bar of chocolate

Question 28

suggested that humans are inherently pleasure-seeking individuals (Psychosexual development, libido, ego)

Answer 28

Freud

Question 29

Lacks vitality and bordering on being unscientific as a theory

Answer 29

Freudian Revolution

Question 30

(boy’s sexual desire for mother and hatred towards father)

Answer 30

Oedipus complex

Question 31

(girl’s sexual desire for their father and envy of mother).

Answer 31

Electra complex

Question 32

Implication of Freudian Revolution:

Answer 32

Widely credited for dominating psychotherapeutic practice in the early 20th century
Psychodynamic therapies that treat a myriad of psychological disorders still remain largely informed by Freud’s work on psychoanalysis.

Question 33

“On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection”

Question 34

Intellectual Revolutions are paradigm shifts.

Answer 34

/Challenged long held views/ about the nature of the universe.
Often met with huge /resistance and controversy/.
Resulted a /renewed and enlightened/ understanding of how the universe behaves and functions.