Intellectual Revolutions and Society Flashcards
series of events that led to the emergence of modern science and the progress of scientific thinking across critical periods in history
Intellectual Revolution
It emerged as a result of the interaction of science and technology and of the society.
Intellectual Revolution
Three Important Intellectual Revolutions
Copernican Revolution
Darwinian Revolution
Freudian Revolution
ancient philosopher and astronomer who stated that planets, sun and the moon revolved around the Earth.
Claudius Ptolemy
earth is the center of the solar system and the universe. It was widely accepted by the people and was one of the greatest discoveries of that time.
Geocentrism (Geocentric model)
a Polish mathematician and astronomer who challenged the Ptolemaic model.
Nicolas Copernicus
sun is the center of the solar system.
Heliocentrism (Heliocentric model)
The heliocentric model was soon accepted by other scientists of that time, most profoundly by
______________
Galileo Galilei
an English naturalist and biologist who proposed the principle of natural selection.
Charles Darwin
an evolutionary process by which organisms inherit, develop, and adapt traits that favored survival and reproduction.
Natural Selection
Traits are manifested in offsprings that are more fit and well-suited to the challenges of survival and reproduction.
Darwinian Revolution
was considered as the most controversial intellectual revolution.
Darwinian Revolution
Factors of Natural Selection
Variation
Overproduction (leads to competition)
Survival of the fittest (adaptation)
Heritability
there is genetic variation within a population which can be inherited
variation
overproduction of offspring leads to competition for survival
competition
individuals with beneficial adaptations are more likely to survive to pass on their genes
adaptations
over many generations, there is a change in allele frequency (evolution)
selection
Implication of Darwinian Revolution:
The development of organisms and the origin of unique forms of life and humanity could be rationalized by an ___________ of change underpinned by laws of nature.
orderly process
an Austrian neurologist who developed Psychoanalysis.
Sigmund Freud
a scientific method of understanding inner and unconscious conflicts embedded within one’s personality, springing from free associations, dreams, and fantasies of the individual.
Psychoanalysis
Pleasure principle
Born with it
Libido -sexual desire
Fights with the superego
Id
Moral principle
Developed around 5-6 years old
Fights with the id
Superego
Reality principle
Develops in childhood
Ego
I want to do that now
Id
It’s not right to do that
Superego
Maybe we can compromise
Ego
Id: I want chocolate
Superego: You’re on a diet
Ego: Eat a small bar of chocolate
suggested that humans are inherently pleasure-seeking individuals (Psychosexual development, libido, ego)
Freud
Lacks vitality and bordering on being unscientific as a theory
Freudian Revolution
(boy’s sexual desire for mother and hatred towards father)
Oedipus complex
(girl’s sexual desire for their father and envy of mother).
Electra complex
Implication of Freudian Revolution:
Widely credited for dominating psychotherapeutic practice in the early 20th century
Psychodynamic therapies that treat a myriad of psychological disorders still remain largely informed by Freud’s work on psychoanalysis.
“On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection”
Intellectual Revolutions are paradigm shifts.
/Challenged long held views/ about the nature of the universe.
Often met with huge /resistance and controversy/.
Resulted a /renewed and enlightened/ understanding of how the universe behaves and functions.
