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Anatomy and Physiology > Integumentary System Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Integumentary System Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Define dermatology

A

Study of skin

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2
Q

What is the largest organ in the human body?

A

The Skin. It weights 9 to 11 pounds and makes up 7% of body weight.

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3
Q

What are the layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis (outer, non-vascular) and dermis (inner, vascular)

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4
Q

Describe the thickness of the skin.

A

Skin varies in thickness from 0.5-6mm. The thinest areas can be found on eyelids, external genitalia, and eardrum. Thick skin can be found on palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

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5
Q

Subcutaneous Layer

A
  • Not considered a layer of skin
  • Connects dermis to underlying musculature
  • Consists mostly of adipose (approximately 1/2 of the body’s fat; acts as shock absorber and insulator) and some areolar connective tissue.
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6
Q

Liposuction

A

Adipose is sucked out of the subcutaneous layer.

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7
Q

What layer are hypodermic needles injected into?

A

The subcutaneous layer (“hypo”), because it is less dense than dermis and muscle so drugs get into the bloodstream faster. Although, sometimes an intramuscular injection is preferred so a skin reaction doesn’t occur, such as an allergy and poison ivy shots.

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8
Q

Where is the subcutaneous layer thinnest?

A

On the palms and soles. It is thickest elsewhere, especially the face and neck.

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9
Q

What happens to the subcutaneous layer with aging?

A

The subcutaneous layer gradually thins causing bagginess, winkles, and intolerance to cold.

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10
Q

How is mobility of the overlaying skin affected by the subcutaneous layer?

A

Density determine mobility of the overlaying skin. Sliding skin protects us by ensuring that many blows just glance off our bodies.

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11
Q

What is the epidermis made of?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (avascular) arranged in 4 or 5 cell population depending on whether or not are is subjected to friction.

  • Thick Skin: If subjected to friction (palms, fingertips, soles) it is composed of 5 populations.
  • Thin Skin: If not subjected to friction (elsewhere), it is composed of 4 populations. Each of the populations are also thinner.
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12
Q

What are the 5 epidermal populations from base to top?

A

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulsom, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum.

Epidermal populations reflect the life cycle of cells. Cells move upward as the age and they are completely new nearly every 28 days.

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13
Q

Stratum Basale

A
  • at base
  • a single row of cuboidal/columnar epithelial cells
  • produce new cells by mitosis at all times so is also called stratum germinativum.
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14
Q

What 3 living cells types compose the stratum basale?

A

Keratinocytes (most common), melanocytes (2nd most common), and Merkel cells.

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15
Q

Keratinocytes in the stratum basale

A

Most common cell type found in the stratum basale. As they produce, they rise into upper layers of epiderms, and keratin is made with them. Keratin waterproofs the skin.

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16
Q

Melanocytes

A

2nd most common cell type found in the stratum basale. Produce a brown to black pigment call melanin which is sent into nearby keratinocytes; melanin granules accumulate on the superficial side of a keratinocyte nucleus to protect the nucleus from damaging UV radiation in sunlight (melanin absorbs UV radiation = natural sunscreen)

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17
Q

Merkel cells

A

Least common cel type found in the stratum basale. Sensory receptor for light touch.

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18
Q

Mole

A

Benign proliferation of melanocytes (raised); it may turn malignant.

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19
Q

Freckle

A

Concentration of melanin

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20
Q

Age (sun) (liver) spots

A

Concentration of melanin on back of hands neck, and face in persons 40 or older. They are a sign of sun damage.

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21
Q

Birthmark

A
  • Brown (cafe-au-lait): concentration of melanin
  • Red: due to dilated capillaries (port wine stain) or benign tumor of dermal blood vessels (hemangioma or strawberry birthmark).
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22
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

Made up of keratinocytes and Langerhans’ cells

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23
Q

Keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum

A
  • They are arranged in 8-10 rows that start to flatten and become polygonal.
  • On slide where these cells have shrunk, cells appear to contain spines (hence “spinosum”) but they truly do not
  • Capable of mitosis (but not as much as stratum basale).
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24
Q

Langerhans’ cells

A

Found in the stratum spinosum, they are macrophages that destroy microbes which have penetrated the epidermis.

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25
Q

The Stratum basale and Stratum spinosum populations

A
  1. Are the only living populations (because they are close to the blood supply of the dermis) and thus are the ONLY populations to produce new skin cells. These new cells push upwards, die, get keratinized, and become cells of populations in the upper layers.
  2. Also grow into the dermis and give rise to sebaceous and sweat gland, hair follicles, and nails.
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26
Q

How much epidermises are produced per lifetime?

A

The process of completely regenerating take an average of 28 day. If approximately one new epidermis is produced per month and one lives to be 80 years old, 960 new epidermises (40 lbs of skin) are produced.

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27
Q

Basale cell carcinoma

A

Most common form of skin cancer (75%). It is a cancer of Stratum basale’s keratinocytes. It rarely metastasizes and there is a full cure in 99% of cases.

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28
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

It is the second most common form of skin cancer (22%). It is a cancer of keratinocytes of either stratum basale or spinosum. It has tendency to metastasize.

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29
Q

Malignant melanoma

A

It is the rarest form of skin cancer (3%), however it usually metastasizes and is 50% fatal. It is a cancer of melanocytes.

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30
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Made up of 3-5 rows of even flatter and dying cells (nuclei are degenerating). Keratinocytes begin synthesizing keratin by forming a purple dark-staining precursor called keratohyalin granules.

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31
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

PRESENT ONLY IN THICK SKIN. Made up of 3-5 layers of clear (lucid), flat dead keratinocytes. Keratinocytes have now converted keratohyalin to eledin.

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32
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Most superficial and thickest layer of skin. Consists of 5-30 layers of dead, tough flat (squamous) cells that continually shed and are replaced. Keratinocytes have finally converted eledin to keratin.

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33
Q

Dandruff

A

Layer that has shed from the scalp too quickly

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34
Q

Corns and calluses

A

Thickening of this population in response to repeated friction.

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35
Q

Wart

A

Benign proliferation of epidermal cells due to a virus.

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36
Q

Dermis

A

Below the epidermis. 0.5 to 3.3mm thick

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37
Q

Tatoos

A

Permanent because needles deposit dye into the dermis. Lasers can breakup dye into small enough pieces to be absorbed by capillaries.

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38
Q

Scar

A

Dermis which has come up through split epidermis; this doesn’t tan because dermis tissue contains no melanin = white.

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39
Q

Blister

A

Fluid (plasma) filled pocket between epidermis and dermis due to excessive friction or burn.

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40
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

papillary layer (top 1/5) and reticular layer (bottom 4/5).

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41
Q

Papillary layer

A

Top 1/5 of dermis, consisting of areolar connective tissue

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42
Q

Dermal papillae

A

Projections of the dermis into epidermis. Keep the epidermis from shearing off of the dermis. They are taller and more numerous in thick skin of finer and toe pads which elevate friction and enhance gripping ability of finger of fingers and toes.

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43
Q

Meissner corpuscles

A

Light touch receptors

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44
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Detect pain

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45
Q

Epidermal ridges

A

Increase fiction and enhance gripping ability of fingers and toes. These are genetically determined and unique to each of us. Ridges do not change throughout the life, except for enlarging. Because eccrine sweat ducts open along their crests, our fingertips leave identifying film of sweat called fingerprints.

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46
Q

Reticular layer

A

Bottom 4/5 of dermis, consisting of dense irregular connective tissue. Collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers allow great strength, stretch, and elasticity (for pregnancy, obesity, and edema).

Makes up leather and suede (in tanning, chemical remove epidermis and papillary layer of dermis)

No sharp distinction between the subcutaneous layer. fibers extend from the reticular layer through the subcutaneous layer to anchor the skin.

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47
Q

Cleavage (tension) lines

A

Less dense regions of the reticular layer. Run longitudinally in skin of head and limbs, and circular patterns around the neck and trunk. Surgeons cut parallel to these lines so kin heals more readily.

48
Q

Stretch marks

A

Small tears in the reticular layer of the dermis during pregnancy. Initially red, they often fade and remain permanent as silvery-white lines.

49
Q

Cellulite

A

Dimpled skin. Results when adipose from the subcutaneous layer pushes up into the reticular layer of dermis.

50
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

Receptors which detect deep pressure and vibration. Located in the reticular layer of fingers, soles, external genitalia, and nipples.

51
Q

Ruffinini ending

A

Hot receptors found in the reticular layer of the dermis

52
Q

Krause end bulbs

A

Cold receptors found in the reticular layer of the dermis

53
Q

Hair follicles

A

Formed by invagination of stratum basale and spinosum layers. Hair develops form mitosis of stratum basale cells (hair matrix) at base of expanded hair follicle (bulb). As new cells are produce, older cells are pushed upward, away from their blood supply, become keratinized, and die.

54
Q

Hair shaft

A

Above skin surface

55
Q

Hair root

A

Below skin surface (electrolysis destroys this)

56
Q

Hair medulla

A

Center of the hair; large cells surrounded by air space. It is the source of strength and body.

57
Q

Hair cortex

A

Surrounds medulla. Made up of denser cells, but also proteins, water, pockets of oil, and melanin (hair color).

58
Q

Hair cuticle

A

Single layer of heavily keratinized cells that overlap cortex like shingles.

59
Q

Split ends

A

Due to cuticle wearing away at the tip of hair due to abrasion or heat. Allows keratin fibrils in cortex and medulla to frizz out.

60
Q

Lanugo

A

Fine, soft hair, especially that which covers the body and limbs of a human fetus or newborn. An infant is born with as many hairs as it will ever have, although may not be noticeable until puberty.

61
Q

Where is hair NOT found

A

palms, soles, lips, nipples, and parts of external genitalia.

62
Q

What are functions of hair?

A
  • Scalp hair guards head against physical trauma, heat loss and sunburn, and appearance.
  • Eyelashes and eyebrows protect eyes.
  • Nose hairs keep dust out of the respiratory tract
  • Hairs all over the body provide warmth when stand up and trap air.
63
Q

Who has more hair, males or females?

A

Males and females have the same number of body hairs, however males have longer, darker, and coarser hairs. Females have shorter, lighter/colorless, and finer hairs.

64
Q

What are the phases of hair growth?

A

Growth phase, resting phase, and finally pushed out by new hair.

65
Q

Hair texture

A

Hair texture is determined by shaft in cross-section:

  • rounds = straight hair
  • oval = wavy hair
  • flat = kinky hair
66
Q

Alopecia

A

Baldness. Follicles do not make hairs due to genetics and large amounts of testosterone.

67
Q

Pheomelanin

A

Yellowish-reddish melanin

68
Q

Eumelanin

A

Brown-black melanin

69
Q

Blond hair

A

Yellowish pheomelanin

70
Q

Red hair

A

Reddish pheomelanin and iron compound (trichosiderin)

71
Q

Brown hair

A

Brownish eumelanin

72
Q

Black hair

A

Blackish eumelanin

73
Q

Gray hair

A

No melanin

74
Q

White hair

A

No melanin and air bubbles

75
Q

Arrector pili

A

A smooth muscle that attaches to each hair follicle.

76
Q

Sebaceous (oil) glands

A

At least two are associated with each hair follicle. They secret sebum into hair follicles.

77
Q

Sebum

A
  • Keeps hair and skin soft and pliable
  • Waterproofs the skin
  • Antibacterial because of its low pH
78
Q

Lanolin

A

A type of sebum that comes form sheep sebaceous glands. Lanolin is in commercial lotions for dry skin.

79
Q

Vernix caseos

A

A type of sebum secreted by fetal sebaceous glands. It is a white and cheesy secretion that protects fetus from amniotic fluid and makes birth easier because it is slippery.

80
Q

Acne (pimples)

A

When bacteria enter hair follicle and reaches sebaceous gland to feed on sebum, they inflame the sebaceous gland.

81
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

Smallest sweat gland type. Open directly onto skin surface at pores.

82
Q

Themoregulation

A

When sweat from eccrine sweat glands evaporates to cool the body.

83
Q

Heat cramp

A

Due to excessive sweating (loss of water/salt)

84
Q

Heatstroke (sunstroke)

A

Person stops sweating

85
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

Larger than eccrine glands. Produce a complex sweat of water, NaCl, wastes, proteins, and fats, that are fed on by bacteria. Have NO function in cooling body.

86
Q

Anti-perspirants

A

Contain aluminum which block the secretion of sweat; hence armpits are drier.

87
Q

Rogaine

A

Increases circulation, resulting in increased hair growth.

88
Q

Casts

A

Irritate skin, and end up increasing circulation to skin; thus resulting in “bushy” hair being produced.

89
Q

Bedsores (Decubitus ulcers)

A

Sores of the skin due to diminished blood flow to certain areas due to compression.

90
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

Modified apocrine sweat glands in skin lining external acoustic meatus. Secrete wax (bitter taste = insect repellent) and protect the eardrum.

91
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Detect pain (one location=hair papilla; hurts when hair plucked out)

92
Q

Nails

A

Develop form invagination of epidermis into dermis. Composed of heavily keratinized stratum lucidum and corneum cells, hair growth is continuous (no growth and resting phases like hair).

93
Q

Albinism

A

Absence of melanin

94
Q

Carotene

A

Yellow-orange pigment form foods like carrots and sweat potatoes in stratum corneum and subcutaneous layer.

95
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Red pigment in red cells of dermal capillaries

96
Q

Tanning

A

UV light stimulates melanocytes to produce extra melanin to protect epidermis.

97
Q

Pink

A

Due to vasodilation of arterioles occurring during exercise, fever, inflammation or blushing.

98
Q

Pale (white)

A

Due to vasoconstriction of arterioles in dermis as a result of fright.

99
Q

Blue (cyanosis)

A

Caused by decrease in blood oxygen due to heart failure, severe respiratory disorder, or carbon monoxide poisoning. In dark-skinned raced cyanosis would be apparent under fingernails and in mucus membranes of mouth.

100
Q

Yellow (jaundice)

A

Yellow bile pigment (bilirubin) accumulates in blood and tissue due to liver disorder, gallstone in duct system, or liver immaturity in fetus.

101
Q

Purple (bruises)

A

Sites where blood has escaped from circulation and clotted in tissue spaces. Bruises change color as hemoglobins of red blood cells breaks down into different pigments. Bruises take awhile to go away because the lymphatic system is slow in picking up the escaped blood.

102
Q

First-degree burn

A

Injury to surface of epidermis (sunburn or slight burn form stove). Redness and warmth due to inured cells releasing histamine which vasodilates dermal arterioles. Extra blood now can rehydrate/repair ailing epidermis.

103
Q

Second-degree burn

A

Injury to entire epidermis and to upper dermis. Blister typically result

104
Q

Third-degree burn

A

Destruction of epidermis and dermis, and possibly subcutaneous layer.

105
Q

Fourth-degree burn

A

Destruction of skin, subcutaneous layer, and muscle (down to the bone)

106
Q

Rule of nines

A

Method for estimating the severity and extent of burns

107
Q

Functions of the skin

A

protection, excretion, sensation, immunity, vitamin D production, and temperature regulation.

108
Q

What protection does the skin offer?

A
  • Protection form mechanical injury (due to number of cell layers)
  • Bacteria and fungi invasion (acidic sebum and sweat)
  • Harmful UV radiation (melanin)
  • Drying out (keratin and sebum)
  • Most chemical invasiion
109
Q

What does the skin secret?

A

Urea, ammonia, uric acid, NaCl, and water exit through sweat

110
Q

What sensations does the skin provide?

A

Receptors in dermis detect light touch, deep pressure, pain, hot and cold

111
Q

What is the benefit of vitamin D?

A

Activated vitamin D (calcitriol) assists in absorption of calcium and phosphorus from ingested food/drink so that strong bones can be made.

112
Q

Rickets

A

Abnormally flexible bones caused by lake of calcium and phosphorus.

113
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Adult rickets

114
Q

Response to increased body temperature

A
  • hypothalamus causes eccrine sweat glands to secrete sweat, which evaporate and cools the body
  • hypothalamus arterioles vasodilate to bring blood to the surface and radiate out into the cool air
115
Q

Fever

A
  • increases metabolic rate to fight infection better

- destroys microbes due to internal hot conditions

116
Q

Response to decreased body temperature

A

-arrector pili muscles contract and cause shivering to produce heat
-arterioles vaoconstrict to prevent radiation of heat out
increased fat lay down in subcutaneous layer = insulation
-sweat glands remain inactive

117
Q

Waterchill

A

Water conducts heat away from the body 240x more than air does.

Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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