Integumentary System Cont. Flashcards
exocrine glands
cutaneous glands
cutaneous glands divided into:
Sebaceous
Sweat
found all over except in the palms of the hand and soles of the feet.
produces product called sebum
their ducts empty usually into a hair follicle but some open directly into the skin
acne
blackheads
whiteheads
Sebaceous Glands
mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells
Sebum
active infection of the sebaceous gland
acne
Sweat glands divide into 2
Eccrine
Apocrine
found all over the body
the produce sweat
Eccrine
found in axillary and genital areas
Secretion contains fatty acids and proteins
milky or yellowish
apocrine
clear secretion of water, some salts, vitamin C, urea
traces of metabolic waste and lactic acid.
sweat
protects against the entrance of foreign substances
protects you from UV radiation exposure and insulates your head to help regulate body temperature
s an important sensory organ
hair functions
hair grows from cells at the base of the ___ (___)
follicle (hair bulbs)
hair ___ contains connective tissue, __ ___ and __
papilla
blood vessels
nerves
Hair matrix within the papilla is responsible for:
producing new hair.
inner layer
cells contain soft keratin
formed by cells closest to the hair matrix
medulla
middle layer
cells contain hard keratin
formed by cells near the edge of the hair matrix
cortex
outer layer
cells contain hard keratin
formed by cells near the edge of the matrix
cuticle
coarse hairs, some develop during puberty
scalp or eyebrows
terminal hairs
fine hairs located over much of the body surface
vellus hair
Hair growth occurs in 3 phases
- anagen
- catagen
- Telogen
active phase, new hair production
anagen
marks the end of the active phase
catagen
resting period for the hair follicle
talegen
small piece of smooth muscle
causes the formation of “ goosebumps”
arrestor pili muscle
composed of packed cells that contain large amounts of hard keratin proteins.
Nail
3 parts of the nails:
plate, matrix, bed
Fold of skin that protects the nail matrix
cuticle
Lies beneath nail plate
capillaries give nails their pink color
Nail bed
Produces the nail plate and small fold of epidermis (visible as lunula)
Contains nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic
Nail Matrix
areas of the skin unnerved by the spinal nerves
registers cutaneous sensations
dermatome
Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin (Infections and Allergies)
- Athlete’s foot
- furuncles and carbuncles
- cold sores (fever blisters)
- Contact dermatitis
- Impetigo
- Psoriasis
An itchy, red, peeling condition of the skin between the toes, resulting from an infection with the fungus Tinea pedis.
Athlete’s foot
are caused by inflammation of hair follicles and surrounding tissues, commonly on the dorsal neck.
are clusters of boils often caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus.
furuncles
carbuncles
Small fluid-filled blisters that itch and sting, caused by human herpesvirus 1 infection. The virus localizes in a cutaneous nerve, where it remains dormant until activated by emotional upset, fever, or UV radiation.
usually occur around the lips and in the oral mucosa of the mouth and nose
Cold sores
Itching, redness, and swell- ing of the skin, progressing to blistering. It is caused by exposure of the skin to chemicals (such as those in poison ivy) that provoke allergic responses in sensitive individuals.
Contact dermatitis
Pink, fluid-filled, raised lesions (commonly around the mouth and nose) that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture (Figure 4.9b). Caused by highly contagious staphylo- coccus or streptococcus infections, impetigo is common in elementary school–aged children.
Impetigo
Attacks are often triggered by trauma, infection, hormonal changes, or stress
Characterized by red- dened epidermal lesions covered with dry, sil- very scales that itch, burn, crack, and sometimes bleed
Psoriasis
is tissue damage and cell death caused by intense heat, electricity, UV radiation (sunburn), or certain chemicals (such as acids), which denature proteins and cause cell death in the affected areas.
Burns
Dehydration
electrolyte imbalance follow
circulatory shock (inadequate circulation of blood caused by low blood volume).
Peligros avocados a las quemaduras
The volume of fluid lost can be estimated indi- rectly by determining how much of the body sur- face is burned (extent of burns), using the
rule of nines
only the superficial epidermis is damaged. The area becomes red and swollen.
first-degree burns
involve injury to the epidermis and the superficial part of the dermis. The skin is red, painful, and blistered.
Second degree burns
destroy both the epidermis and the dermis and often extend into the subcutaneous tissue, reflect- ing their categorization as full thickness burns.
Blisters are usually present, and the burned area appears blanched (gray-white) or blackened.
Third degree burns
are also full-thickness burns, but they extend into deeper tissues such as bone, muscle, or tendons. These burns appear dry and leathery, and they require surgery and grafting to cover exposed tissu
Fourth degree burns
is the least malignant and most common skin cancer. Cells of the stratum basale, altered so that they cannot form keratin, no longer honor the boundary between epidermis and der- mis.
Basal cell carcinoma
rises from the cells of the stratum spino- sum.
It grows rapidly and metastasizes to adjacent lymph nodes if not removed. This epidermal can- cer is also believed to be induced by UV exposure. If it is caught early and removed surgically or by radiation therapy, the chance of complete cure is good.
Squamous cell carci- noma
is a cancer of melanocytes.
it is often deadly.
metasta- sizes rapidly to surrounding lymph and blood vessels
Apply the ABCDE rule
Malignant melanoma
ABCDE rule
- asymmetry
- Border irregularity
- color
- Diameter
- Evolution
