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A+P seminar > Integumentary system > Flashcards

Integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the integumentary system?

A

the skin and its derivatives (sweat and oil glands, hairs) make up a complex set of organs that serves several functions, mostly protective

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2
Q

which anatomical structures are important for preventing infection and why?
(four answers)

A

epidermis is protective due to the keratin, which is a thick/dense protein

sweat and secretion include DNAses, RNAses, and antimicrobials

sebum/oil provides a water barrier and allows bugs to wash off the oily skin

dendritic cells, part of the immune system, are APC that will help the adaptive immune system

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3
Q

how is classification of ulcers and burns based on the anatomy of skin? why would a fourth degree burn involve?

A

ulcers are skin areas that don’t heal well, such as pressure sores or leg ulcers that develop when they’re bed ridden or have diabetes

Burn degrees range from 1-4 and it depends on the deepness of the burn

1) superficial - epidermis
2) dermis (blister)
3) hypodermis
4) burn to muscle or bone

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4
Q

what is a blister and what is the anatomy of a blister?

A

Blisters develop when:

  • papillary layer is rubbed
  • damage to subpapillary plexus
  • buildup of fluid between epidermis and dermis
  • if you pop it- risk infection to dermis
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5
Q

adipose tissue

A
  • makes up the hypodermis layer

- above the fascia

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6
Q

apocrine sweat gland

A
  • confined to the axillary and anogenital areas
  • they are merocrine glands, which release their product by exocytosis like the eccrine sweat glands
  • these are larger than eccrine glands, apocrine sweat glands lie deeper in the dermis or even in hypodermis and their ducts empty into hair follicles
  • these begin functioning at puberty uner influence of androgens
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7
Q

arrector pili muscle

A
  • associated with each hair follicle is a bundle of smooth muscle cells called the arrector pili
  • contraction pulls the hair follicle upright to make goose bumps IRT cold temperature
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8
Q

cutaneous plexus (deep plexus)

A

cutaneous plexus is the network of blood vessels that nourishes the reticular layer in the dermis layer. cutaneous plexus is between the reticular layer and the hypodermis

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9
Q

dermal papillae

A
  • peglike projections from papillary layer
  • overlaps with epidermis
  • contain capillary loops
  • house free nerve endings (pain receptors)
    touch receptors (tactile or meissner’s corpuscles)
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10
Q

dermis

A
  • bulk of the skin
  • tough, leathery layer composed mostly of fibrous connective tissue
  • vascularized
  • cells = fibroblasts, macrophages and occasional mast cells and WBC
  • two layers - papillary and reticular layers
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11
Q

eccrine (merocrine) sweat gland

A
  • more numerous and are particularly abundant on the palms and soles of feet and forehead
  • simple coiled, tubular gland
  • secretory part lies coiled in the dermis
  • sweat duct extends into a funnel shaped pore at the skin surface
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12
Q

epidermis

A
  • composed of epithelial cells (mostly keratinocyte)
  • outermost protective shield of the body
  • nutrients reach the epidermis by diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis
  • four/five layers
  • four cell types - keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic cells and tactile cells
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13
Q

fascia (superficial and deep)

A
  • layer below the hypodermis

- this layer covers muscles and bones

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14
Q

hair follicle

A
  • folds from the epidermal surface into the dermis

- in scalp - extends hypodermis

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15
Q

hair papilla

A
  • a nipple-like bit of dermal tissue, protrudes into the hair bulb
  • contains a know of capillaries that supplies nutrients to the growing hair and signals it to grow
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16
Q

hair root

A

The root of the hair ends in an enlargement, the hair bulb,

17
Q

hypodermis (subcutaneous layer of subcutis)

A
  • the subcutaneous tissue just deep to the skin
  • consists of mostly adipose tissue
  • aka superficial fascia - superficial to the tough connective tissue wrapping (fascia) of skeletal muscles,
  • anchors skin to the underlying structures (mostly muscles)
  • shock absorber and an insulator (reduce heat lose)
18
Q

nerve endings and receptors

A
  • at dermal papillae, on dermis layer
  • house free nerve endings (pain receptors)
    touch receptors (tactile or meissner’s corpuscles)
19
Q

papillary layer

A
  • connective tissue
  • interlacing collagen and elastic fibers form a loosely woven mat that is heavily invested with small blood vessels
  • loose connective tissue - allow phagocytes and defensive cells to wader freel
20
Q

reticular layer

A
  • accounting for 80% of the dermis thickness
  • dense fibrous connective tissue
  • cutaneous plexus is the network of blood vessels that nourishes this layer. cutaneous plexus is between the reticular layer and the hypodermis
21
Q

sebaceous gland

A
  • oil glands
  • branched alveolar glands that are found all over the body except thick skin
  • secrete sebum
  • most, but not all sebaceous glands develop as outgrowths of hair follicles and secrete sebum into a hair follicle or to a pore on the skin surface
22
Q

subpapillary plexus

A
  • network of blood vessels

- supplies blood and nutrients to the dermis layer

23
Q

sweat duct

A

aka sweat glands

eccrine and apocrine sweat glands

24
Q

sweat pore

A
  • sweat duct is coiled in the dermis

- the duct extends to the open in a funnel shaped pore to the outside at the skin surface

25
Q

thick skin

A
  • covers areas subject to abrasions
  • palms, fingertips, and soles of feet
  • epidermis consists of five layers (strata)
    stratum basale
    stratum spinosum
    stratum granulosum
    stratum lucidum
    stratum corneum
26
Q

thin skin

A
  • covers rest of body not covered by thick skin
  • stratum lucidum appears to be absent and rest of strata are thinner
    stratum basale
    stratum spinosum
    stratum granulosum
    stratum corneum
27
Q

keratinocytes

A
  • produce keratin

- connected by desmosomes

28
Q

keratin

A
  • a fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties
29
Q

melanocyte

A
  • spider shaped epithelial cells that synthesizes melanin

- found in the deepest layer of the epidermis

30
Q

dendritic cell (langerhans cell)

A
  • arise from bone marrow and migrate to epidermis
  • APC and activates adaptive immunity
  • slender processes extends amlong keratinocytes, forming a continuous network
31
Q

melanin granule

A
  • these melanin granules accumulate on the top of keratinocyte nucleus
  • it forms a pigment shield that protects the nucleus from UV radiation in the sunlight
  • melanin passes from melanocytes to the basal keratinocytes
32
Q

sensory nerve ending

A
  • tactile cells or Merkel cells are at the epidermal-dermal juntion
  • associated with a nerve ending
  • it functions as a sensory receptor for touch
33
Q

desmosomes

A
  • holds keratinocytes together
34
Q

stratum basale

A
  • deepest part of the epidermis
  • keratinocytes arise here
  • attached to the underlying dermis
  • single row of stem cells - making youngest keratinocytes
  • 10-25% of the cells are melanocytes
  • occasionally, tactile cells also occur in the stratum basale
35
Q

stratum corneum

A
  • outermost epidermal layer
  • 20-30 cell layers thick- accounts for up to 75% of the epidermis thickness
  • keratin and thickened plasma membranes of cells in stratum corneum - protects skin against abrasion and penetration
  • glycolipid between cells waterproofs this layer
36
Q

stratum granulosum

A
  • four to six cell layers
  • keratinocytes change appearances - keratinization (cells fill with the protein keratin) - cells flatten, their nuclei and organelles disintegrates
37
Q

stratum lucidum

A
  • visible only in thick skin
  • above stratum granulosum and below stratum corneum
  • two or three rows of dead keratinocytes with indistinc boundaries
38
Q

stratum spinosum

A
  • several cell layers thick
  • contain weblike system of intermediate filaments - mainly pre-keratin filaments, which span their cytosol to attach to desmosomes
  • lots of keratinocytes
  • melanin granules and dendritic cells are most abundant in this layer

A+P seminar (4 decks)

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