Integumentary System Flashcards by J M

What are the 2 layers of the cutaneous epithelium?

Epidermis and Dermis

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What is the layer that falls below the skin?

Hypodermis

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What does the hypodermis consist of?

Areolar connective tissue and fat

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What are the 3 sweat glands of the integumentary system?

Sweat, sebaceous and mammary glands

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What are some examples of a protective apparatus that is part of the integumentary system?

Hair, feathers, claws, hooves, beak, scales, horns, antlers

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What are the main functions of skin?

Protection, sensation, secretion, and subcutis attachment

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True or False. Skin acts as a barrier to invaders that are only physical and not chemical.

False. It acts as a barrier for both physical and chemical

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In what ways does the skin provide protection?

Protects from physical trauma, acts as a barrier, maintains hydration and protects from radiation

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What receptors are associated with the ability of sensation for the skin?

Nociceptors

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What stimuli does the skin pick up from the external environment?

Temperature, pressure, and touch

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What are some things that the skin secretes?

Sebum, sweat and pheromones

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What vitamin does the skin produce?

Vitamin D

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How does the skin thermoregulate?

Through sweat glands, hair, and surface area

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True or False. One of the skin’s functions is communication.

True

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What is the largest organ in the body?

Skin

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The external surface of skin is made up of what kind of cells?

Dead keratinized skin cells

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Where on the body would you find thick skin?

Nose, pads, abdomen, and scrotum

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What are the layers of the epidermis?

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

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What type of cells does the stratum basale contain?

Germinal cells, melanocytes and Merkel discs

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Is the Epidermis avascular or vascular?

Avascular. It receives its nutrients from the vessel loops within the most superficial layer of the dermis (papillary layer).

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What does the stratum spinosum layer of the epidermis contain?

Desmosomes (railroad tracks/ spin) and Langerhans

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How can you differentiate the stratum granulosum layer of the epidermis from the others?

It contains glycolipids, which under the microscope look like dark specs within the cells

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At what layer do we begin to see the cells of the epidermis lose its organelles?

At the stratum granulosum layer

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What role does keratohyaline have in the stratum granulosum layer?

Provide strength

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What layer of the epidermis is not found in thin skin?

Stratum lucidum

What is the thickest layer of the epidermis?

Stratum corneum

What are the 2 layers of the Dermis?

Papillary and reticular

What is the most superficial layer of the dermis? Hint: This is attached to the epidermis.

Papillary layer

What types of cells are found in the reticular layer of the dermis?

Fibroblasts and macrophages

What does the reticular layer of the dermis contain?

Hair follicles, collagen fibers, vessels, glands, and smooth muscle

What kind of connective tissue is located in the Hypodermis?

Areolar and elastic connective tissue

What is located in the hypodermis or the sub-q layer of skin?

Connective tissue, fat, vessels, and nerves

What is the name of the nerves located in the hypodermis?

Pacinian corpuscles

What are the two types of nerve endings that help with tactile sense?

Pacinian and Meissner corpuscles

What gives the skin its pigment?

Melanocytes which are located at the stratum basale of the epidermis

Does the nasal planum have thick or thin skin?

Thick skin

How do you determine if an animal's foot is the front or the back?

Based on the padding, if the foot contains a carpal pad or stopper pad, then it is the front limb

What are the 3 types of pads?

Digital, Metacarpal and carpal

What are the foot pads for?

Protection from physical and thermal stimulus

In what manner do you count the digital pads?

Medial to lateral

What digit is the dewclaw?

Always 1

What are the 2 pad remnants on an equine?

Ergot and the Chestnut

Where is the ergot located?

It is a pad remnant of digits 2 and 4 located near the fetlock

Where is the chestnut located?

Up around the carpus joint or the knee, proximal to the ergot

What are the two types of sweat glands?

Eccrine and apocrine

How do the eccrine sweat glands of the skin secrete?

Through the skin surface

How do apocrine sweat glands of the skin secrete?

Through hair follicles

What is a sebaceous gland?

A small gland in the skin which secretes oily material

In what locations can the amount of secretion of a sebaceous gland vary?

Tail glands, circumanal, anal, circumoral, ceruminous and meibomian glands

What is the muscle that when contracted, makes hair stand on end?

Arrector pili muscle

What part of the hair follicle contains blood and nerve supply?

Dermal papilla

What gland openings does a hair follicle contain?

Sebaceous and apocrine sweat gland openings

What is guard (primary) hair development?

There is an outer coat, the hairs are long and thick and there is one hair/ follicle

What is wool hairs (secondary) development?

There is an undercoat of shorter hair that is soft and each follicle contains multiple strands of hair

What is tactile (vibrissae) hair development?

Follicles located deep into the hypodermis that contains a blood sinus as well as nerve endings that immediately send impulses to the brain

What is an example of a tactile hair?

Whiskers on a cat

What kind of hair growth do dogs and cats have?

Compound hair growth

What is compound hair growth?

Where the animal is developing multiple hairs, both guard and wool

What animals have simple hair growth?

Horses and cows

What is simple hair growth?

Where there is only development of guard (primary) hair

What are the 3 cycles of hair growth?

Anagen, catagen, telogen

What occurs during the anagen hair cycle?

It is when the dermal papillae are very active and hair is actively growing

What occurs during the catagen cycle of hair growth?

When the epidermal peg is starting to change, and the dermal papilla is getting squeezed out, and becomes inactive

What occurs during the telogen phase of hair growth?

It is the resting phase where hair is easy to be pulled out, the hair that's being shed

What factors is the hair cycle dependent on?

Season, temperature, environment, and hormonal factors

What are the 4 anatomical structures of the claw?

Ungual process, corium, wall (unguis) and sole

What is the ungual process?

The ungual process is the bone portion that sticks into the claw itself, deep to the corium

What is the corium of the claw?

It is considered the dermis of the claw as well as known as the quick

What is the wall (unguis) of the nail?

It's found on the lateral and dorsal aspects and is the exterior keratinized outer portion of the claw

What is the sole of a claw?

It is the soft portion on the ventral aspect of the claw

What are ungulates?

Hoofed animals

What is the corium of the hoof?

"Sensitive" portion that surrounds the coffin bone

What are the hoof contains a wall that is broken into what 3 parts?

Toe, quarters, and heel

The frog on a hoof is located on what animal only?

Equine

What gives the wall of the hooves such strength?

Interdigitation of the lamina and the corium

What is the lamina of the hoof?

The insensitive portion of cells that interdigitates with the corium

Why is the frog of a hoof important?

It helps with compressing and "pumping" blood out of the limbs back into the heart since the veins don't contain valves

Where do horns grow from?

At the horn bud on the frontal bone

What is the structure of the horns composed of?

A corium surrounding the frontal bone as well as keratinized epithelial cells and tubules

An animal that should grow horns but does not is considered what?

Polled

What is the name of the growth process for antler bones?

Endochondral Ossification

What is the vascular tissue on the antlers that supply the bone with blood?

Velvets

Does a mouse or an elephant have a greater surface area of skin?

A mouse. It is the ratio between of body weight to the skin’s surface area

What locations do dead, keratinized skin cells change into mucous membrane?

mouth, anus, nares, and eyes

True/False. Is the carpal pad located on the rear legs?

False. Carpal pads are ONLY located on the fore legs.

Do llamas walk on pads or hooves?

Pads