Integumentary System Flashcards
the integumentary system is…
it primarily…
the external covering of an animal.
protects against mechanical injury and invasion by microorganisms.
integumentary functions that have evolved include:
- regulation of body temperature
- excretion of wastes
- vitamin D3 formation
reception of environmental stimuli:
- pain
- temperature
- pressure
the integumentary system is also involved in: (2)
- locomotion
- movement of nutrients and gases
single celled protozoa only have a… for an external covering
plasma membrane
other protozoa have a thick covering called…
pellicle
most multicellular invertebrates have an integument consisting of a…
single layer of columnar epithelial cells
epidermal cells exposed at the surface of animal integument may posses…
cilia
some invertebrates also contain… (cells) that secrete overlying, non-cellular material
glandular cells
some invertebrates possess… that vary in structure. in some animals, they are thin and elastic, and in others, they are thick and rigid.
cuticles
cuticles consist of…
chitin and protein
in cnidarians, the epidermis is only…
one cell layer thick
other cnidarians have… glands that secrete a…
mucous, calcium carbonate shell
the outer covering of parasitic flukes and tapeworms is called a… (meaning “to cover”), its main functions are… (2 functions)
tegument, nutrient ingestion and protection against digestion
… is the vertebrate integument. it is the largest organ and grows with the animal.
skin
the skin has three main layers: … composed of… (tissue)
- epidermis: epithelial tissue
- dermis: connective tissue
- hypodermis: loose connective tissue
jawless fish such as lampreys and hagfish are… -skinned and sport… (cells) that secrete…
thick-skinned, epidermal glandular cells, mucous
cartilaginous fish skin is… -layered and contains… and… (cells)
multi-layered, mucous, sensory cells
cartilaginous dermis contains… in the form of… and are similar to teeth
bone, placoid cells called denticles
denticles contain…
blood vessles and nerves
bony fish have… covered by a thin layer of… composed of…
scales, dermal tissue, dermal bone
scales do not… and have… that can determine fish age
shed, growth lines
bony fish are also called
teleosts
fish skin is… , permits… exchange , has an epidermis containing… (gland) , and some have… (gland) that…
permeable, gas, mucous glands, granular glands, secrete toxic/repellent secretion
deep aquatic teleosts have… that undergo…
photophores, chemiluminesence
amphibians are
aquatic and terrestrial
amphibians have skin consisting of three parts:
- stratified epidermis
- mucous and serous glands
- pigment
the earliest amphibians had… like their fish ancestors
dermal bone scales
three problems associated with terrestrial environments:
- desiccation
- damaging uv light
- physical abrasion
amphibian skins have… a tough impermeable protein that protects the skin
keratin
mucus are produced by… and prevents… facilitates… exchange and makes the body… which…
mucous glands, desiccation, gas, slimy, helps amphibians escape from predators
within the dermis, some amphibians have… that secrete… that deterrs predators
poison glands, unpleasant or toxic fluid (alkaloid)
some sensory nerves penetrate the epidermis such as the… of toads
warts
non-avian reptiles’ outer layer of the epidermis also called the… lacks… , and is modified into… scales, scutes, beaks, rattles, claws, plaques, and spiny crests
stratum corneum, glands, keratinized
non avian reptiles’ skin… or… , which is where old epidermis separates from newly formed epidermis.
shedding or molting
avian reptiles have no… glands, the only epidermal glands of birds are… glands
epidermal, uropygial and preen
dermis of birds are similar to the structure of reptiles and contains:
- blood and lymphatic vessels
- nerves
- epidermally derived sensory bodies
- and sometimes air spaces
air spaces extend into the… and are involved in…
dermis, thermal regulation
feather position is important in:
- thermal regulation
- flying
- behavior
aquatic birds have… that store… and help… from cold
fat deposits, energy, insulate
notable features of mammalian skin:
- hair
- a variety of epidermal glands
- a highly stratified, cornified epidermis
- a dermis many times thicker than the epidermis
the epidermis of mammalian skin is composed of the… (type of tissue)
stratified squamous epithelium
as cells progress to the surface, they produce a… and eventually die and become…
waterproofing glycolipid, keratinized
keratinized cells are insoluble in… and make up the outer skin layer called the…, they prevent… and defends against…
water, stratum corneum, dehydration, toxic substances and microorganisms
the thickest portion of mammalian skin is composed of the… which contains:
dermis
- blood vessels
- lymphatic vessels
- nerve endings
- hair follicles
- sensory receptors
- small muscles
- glands
underneath the dermis is the… which is different from that of other vertebrate classes in that it consists of three types of tissues:
hypodermis
- loose connective tissue
- adipose tissue
- skeletal muscles
… stores energy in the form of fat and provides insulation
adipose tissue
… allows the skin above to move independently
skeletal muscle
…. thread from the epidermis to the dermis and are absent from the epidermis
blood vessels
the … is the site of may injections you and your pets recieve
hypodermis
the skin regulates… by opening and closing sweat pores and perspiring or sweating
body temperature
types of skin glands:
- sudoriferous glands (sweat)
- sebaceous glands (oil)
… glands secrete sweat with a process called… , helps regulate…
sudoriferous, perspiration, body temperature
in some mammals, sweat glands also produce
pheromones
… glands lubricate and protect using… , a permeable barrier with an emollient (skin-softening) agent, and a protective agent against microorganisms
sebaceous, sebum
mammalian skin color is due to…
pigments
… is composed of keratin-filled dead cells that develop in the epidermis
hair
an … attaches to the connective tissue of a hair follicle and is responsible for goosebumps
arrector pili muscle
… are flat, horny plates on the surface of the digits
nails
