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ROC 120 > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Levels of Structure of the Human Body

A

Atoms ➡️ Molecules ➡️ Cells ➡️ Tissues ➡️ Organs ➡️ Systems ➡️ Organism

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2
Q

Organ System

A

A group of organs that act together to preform a particular body function

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3
Q

Akimbo

A

Elbows bent and hands rest on hips with chin up

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4
Q

Ventral

A

Towards the belly (front)

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5
Q

Dorsal

A

Towards the back

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6
Q

Rostral

A

Toward the nose

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7
Q

Caudal

A

Towards the tail

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8
Q

Superior

A

Towards the top of the head/body

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9
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the middle

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10
Q

Medial

A

Towards the middle

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11
Q

Bilateral

A

On both sides

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12
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side

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13
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side

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14
Q

Anatomical Planes

A

-saggital (median)
-coronal (frontal)
-transverse

Planes that pass through the human body and provide reference points

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15
Q

RUQ (Right Upper Quadrant)

A

Right lobe of liver
Gallbladder
Right kidney
Portions of small and large intestine

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16
Q

RLQ (Right Lower Quadrant)

A

Cecum
Appendix
Portions of the small and large intestines
Reproductive organs
(F) right ovary
(M) right spermatic cord

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17
Q

LUQ (Left Upper Quadrant)

A

Left lobe of liver
Stomach
Pancreas
Left kidney
Spleen
Portions of small and large intestines

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18
Q

LLQ (Left Lower Quadrant)

A

Most of small intestines
Portions of large intestine
Left ureter
Reproductive organs
(F) left ovary
(M) left spermatic cord

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19
Q

Cell

A

The basic structural and functional unit of the body
—many disease processes originate in the cell

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20
Q

Cell Membrane

A

-on cell’s surface
-thin structure that separates the cell from the environment and other cells
-SEMI-PERMEABLE

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21
Q

Cell Membrane Components

A

-Phospholipid Bi-layer
-proteins
-transport protein
-carbohydrate chains

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22
Q

Cytoplasm

A

-semi-fluid substance forming the foundation of the cell
-location where chemical reactions occur
-contains organelles

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23
Q

Nucleus

A

-largest and most important structure in the cell
-separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane
- contains DNA
-control center
-usually one per cell
-surrounded by a double membrane

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24
Q

Protoplasm

A

The nucleus and the cytoplasm together

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25
Number of Nuclei
-MOST cells have one nucleus -some have 2- Liver -some have MANY- skeletal muscles -some have NONE- mature red blood cells/cells in the lens of the eye
26
Genetic Material
Can be seen in TWO forms —Chromatin —Chromosomes
27
Chromatin
Threadlike genetic material (DNA)
28
Chromosomes
Bodies of chromatin (composed of regions called —genes)
29
Nucleolus
-found within the nucleus -contains RNA (chemical from which proteins are made)
30
Methods of Cell Division
1. Meiosis 2. Mitosis
31
Mitosis
-cell divides into two identical daughter cells
32
Mitosis Steps
1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase
33
Prophase
-first observable stage: 1. Nuclear membrane begins to disappear 2. Chromosomes begin to condense—replicate 3. Centrioles appear
34
Metaphase (middle)
-chromosomes begin to line up along an imaginary plate
35
Anaphase (apart)
Chromosomes pulled apart (One duplicate copy going to one side and the other to the opposite side)
36
Telophase
1. Cell membrane begins to form 2. Cell membrane is laid down between two duplicate cells 3. All organelles are replicated and redistributed (Late Telophase- cells are separate)
37
Interphase
Period between cell divisions Two things occur during interphase: 1. Replication of DNA, centrosomes, and centrioles 2. RNA and protein, needed to produce structures required for doubling cellular components, are manufactured
38
Interphase Phases
1. G1 2. S 3. G2 —G0
39
G1 (gap or growth) phase
- cells are engaged in growth, metabolism, and the production of substances required for division
40
S (synthesis) phase
Period in which chromosomes replicate
41
G2 phase
Second growth phase-cells will enter prophase next
42
G Phases
-Periods when there are no events related to chromosomal replication -thought of as gaps or interruptions in DNA synthesis -cells destined to NEVER divide are arrested in G1 phase -once a cell enters S phase it is committed to go through cell division -G0 phase where the cell is in a holding pattern
43
Length of the Cell Cycle
G1- 8-10 hours S- 6-8 hours G2- 4-6 hours *M- 1-2 hours During mitosis, prophase is longest and anaphase is shortest
44
Most to least sensitive stages of cell cycle
-Mitosis -G2 -G1 -S
45
Tissues
Cells that work together to preform a specialized function
46
Types of Tissues
1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nerve
47
Nervous Tissue
Internal communication -brain -spinal cord -nerves
48
Muscle Tissue
Contracts to cause movement -muscles attached to bones (skeletal) -muscles of heart (cardiac) -muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth)
49
Epithelial Tissue
Forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters - skin surfaces (epidermis) - lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs
50
Connective Tissue
Supports, protects, binds other tissues together -bones -tendons -fat and other soft padding tissue
51
Epithelial Function
-lines cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body and also forms many glands -helps keep organs separate, in place, and protected EX: inside the mouth, stomach, and tissues surrounding body organs
52
Epithelial Base Structure
All- superior: apical surface of epithelium Middle: Basal lamina Inferior: Underlying tissue
53
Epithelial Types
1. Simple squamous epithelium (Air sacs of the lung) 2. Simple cuboidal epithelium (Kidney) 3. Simple columnar epithelium (Intestine) 4. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (Respiratory tract) 5. Stratified squamous epithelium (Esophagus)
54
Connective Tissue Function
-adds support and structure to the body -provides an area through which blood vessels and nerves pass Ex: inner layers of skin, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone, fat, and blood
55
Connective Tissue Types
1.Proper 2. Specialized
56
Proper connective tissue
Loose: 1. Areolar 2. Adipose 3. Reticular Dense: 1. Regular 2. Irregular 3. Elastic
57
Specialized Connective Tissue
-Bone: 1. Spongy 2. Compact -Blood -Cartilage: 1. Elastic 2. Fibrocartilage 3. Hyaline
58
Muscle Tissue Function
Contacts, maintains posture, and provides support to all the organs and body by keeping them in place —contains specialized proteins actin and myosin that slide past one another allowing movement
59
Muscle Types
Skeletal: voluntary Smooth: involuntary Cardiac: involuntary
60
Nerve Tissue Function
- generate and conduct electrical signals in the body
61
Nerve Tissue Types
1. Neurons 2. Glial cells
62
Neuron Anatomy
Dendrites: branch Soma: body Nucleus Axon Schwann cell Myeline sheath Node of ranvier Axon terminals
63
Glial cells
1.Schwann cells 2. Oligodendrocyte 3. Microglial cell 4. Ependymal cells 5. Astrocyte Any episodes Monday or Sunday
64
Glial cell function
Also called neuroglia —support and protect neurons
65
Neurons Function
Nerve cells receive stimuli and transmit action potentials —organization -cell body: or soma -dendrites: input -axons: output
66
Skin (integumentary system)
—Largest organ of the body Example of an epithelial membrane Composed of three layer: 1. Epidermis 2. Dermis 3. Hypodermis or subcutaneous layer
67
Functions of the skin
1. Protects against the cold and heat 2. Prevents mechanical impact 3. Protects tissue against chemical and physical damage 4. Prevents microorganisms from penetrating 5. Destruction of inoculated microorganisms 6. Resorption of specific substances 7. Prevents excessive dehydration whilst allowing a certain level of physiological water evaporation -together with sebaceous glands, synthesis of hydrolipids 8. Pressure, vibration, and tactile sensation
68
Epidermis
-Avascular, outer layer - composed of flat squamous cells - located under the squamous are basal cells that contain keratin and melanin -Subdivided into five layers
69
Epidermis Layers
Top to bottom 1. Stratum Corneum 2. Stratum Lucidum 3. Stratum Granulosum 4. Stratum Spinosum 5. Stratum Basale
70
Dermis
-deep connective tissue layer -allows for strength and flexibility -cushions body from stress and strain
71
Basement Membrane
-Between the epidermis and dermis -composed of molecules that act to hold the skin together
72
Subcutaneous Layer
-fatty later beneath the dermis - contains nerves, blood vessels, adipose tissue, and connective tissue

ROC 120 (2 decks)

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