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ROC 120 > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Levels of Structure of the Human Body

A

Atoms ➡️ Molecules ➡️ Cells ➡️ Tissues ➡️ Organs ➡️ Systems ➡️ Organism

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2
Q

Organ System

A

A group of organs that act together to preform a particular body function

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3
Q

Akimbo

A

Elbows bent and hands rest on hips with chin up

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4
Q

Ventral

A

Towards the belly (front)

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5
Q

Dorsal

A

Towards the back

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6
Q

Rostral

A

Toward the nose

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7
Q

Caudal

A

Towards the tail

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8
Q

Superior

A

Towards the top of the head/body

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9
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the middle

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10
Q

Medial

A

Towards the middle

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11
Q

Bilateral

A

On both sides

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12
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side

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13
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side

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14
Q

Anatomical Planes

A

-saggital (median)
-coronal (frontal)
-transverse

Planes that pass through the human body and provide reference points

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15
Q

RUQ (Right Upper Quadrant)

A

Right lobe of liver
Gallbladder
Right kidney
Portions of small and large intestine

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16
Q

RLQ (Right Lower Quadrant)

A

Cecum
Appendix
Portions of the small and large intestines
Reproductive organs
(F) right ovary
(M) right spermatic cord

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17
Q

LUQ (Left Upper Quadrant)

A

Left lobe of liver
Stomach
Pancreas
Left kidney
Spleen
Portions of small and large intestines

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18
Q

LLQ (Left Lower Quadrant)

A

Most of small intestines
Portions of large intestine
Left ureter
Reproductive organs
(F) left ovary
(M) left spermatic cord

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19
Q

Cell

A

The basic structural and functional unit of the body
—many disease processes originate in the cell

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20
Q

Cell Membrane

A

-on cell’s surface
-thin structure that separates the cell from the environment and other cells
-SEMI-PERMEABLE

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21
Q

Cell Membrane Components

A

-Phospholipid Bi-layer
-proteins
-transport protein
-carbohydrate chains

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22
Q

Cytoplasm

A

-semi-fluid substance forming the foundation of the cell
-location where chemical reactions occur
-contains organelles

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23
Q

Nucleus

A

-largest and most important structure in the cell
-separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane
- contains DNA
-control center
-usually one per cell
-surrounded by a double membrane

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24
Q

Protoplasm

A

The nucleus and the cytoplasm together

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25
Q

Number of Nuclei

A

-MOST cells have one nucleus
-some have 2- Liver
-some have MANY- skeletal muscles
-some have NONE- mature red blood cells/cells in the lens of the eye

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26
Q

Genetic Material

A

Can be seen in TWO forms
—Chromatin
—Chromosomes

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27
Q

Chromatin

A

Threadlike genetic material (DNA)

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28
Q

Chromosomes

A

Bodies of chromatin (composed of regions called —genes)

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29
Q

Nucleolus

A

-found within the nucleus
-contains RNA (chemical from which proteins are made)

30
Q

Methods of Cell Division

A
  1. Meiosis
  2. Mitosis
31
Q

Mitosis

A

-cell divides into two identical daughter cells

32
Q

Mitosis Steps

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
33
Q

Prophase

A

-first observable stage:
1. Nuclear membrane begins to disappear
2. Chromosomes begin to condense—replicate
3. Centrioles appear

34
Q

Metaphase (middle)

A

-chromosomes begin to line up along an imaginary plate

35
Q

Anaphase (apart)

A

Chromosomes pulled apart
(One duplicate copy going to one side and the other to the opposite side)

36
Q

Telophase

A
  1. Cell membrane begins to form
  2. Cell membrane is laid down between two duplicate cells
  3. All organelles are replicated and redistributed
    (Late Telophase- cells are separate)
37
Q

Interphase

A

Period between cell divisions
Two things occur during interphase:
1. Replication of DNA, centrosomes, and centrioles
2. RNA and protein, needed to produce structures required for doubling cellular components, are manufactured

38
Q

Interphase Phases

A
  1. G1
  2. S
  3. G2
    —G0
39
Q

G1 (gap or growth) phase

A
  • cells are engaged in growth, metabolism, and the production of substances required for division
40
Q

S (synthesis) phase

A

Period in which chromosomes replicate

41
Q

G2 phase

A

Second growth phase-cells will enter prophase next

42
Q

G Phases

A

-Periods when there are no events related to chromosomal replication
-thought of as gaps or interruptions in DNA synthesis
-cells destined to NEVER divide are arrested in G1 phase
-once a cell enters S phase it is committed to go through cell division
-G0 phase where the cell is in a holding pattern

43
Q

Length of the Cell Cycle

A

G1- 8-10 hours
S- 6-8 hours
G2- 4-6 hours
*M- 1-2 hours
During mitosis, prophase is longest and anaphase is shortest

44
Q

Most to least sensitive stages of cell cycle

A

-Mitosis
-G2
-G1
-S

45
Q

Tissues

A

Cells that work together to preform a specialized function

46
Q

Types of Tissues

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nerve
47
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Internal communication
-brain
-spinal cord
-nerves

48
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Contracts to cause movement
-muscles attached to bones (skeletal)
-muscles of heart (cardiac)
-muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth)

49
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters
- skin surfaces (epidermis)
- lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs

50
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Supports, protects, binds other tissues together
-bones
-tendons
-fat and other soft padding tissue

51
Q

Epithelial Function

A

-lines cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body and also forms many glands
-helps keep organs separate, in place, and protected
EX: inside the mouth, stomach, and tissues surrounding body organs

52
Q

Epithelial Base Structure

A

All- superior: apical surface of epithelium
Middle: Basal lamina
Inferior: Underlying tissue

53
Q

Epithelial Types

A
  1. Simple squamous epithelium
    (Air sacs of the lung)
  2. Simple cuboidal epithelium
    (Kidney)
  3. Simple columnar epithelium
    (Intestine)
  4. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
    (Respiratory tract)
  5. Stratified squamous epithelium
    (Esophagus)
54
Q

Connective Tissue Function

A

-adds support and structure to the body
-provides an area through which blood vessels and nerves pass
Ex: inner layers of skin, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone, fat, and blood

55
Q

Connective Tissue Types

A

1.Proper
2. Specialized

56
Q

Proper connective tissue

A

Loose:
1. Areolar
2. Adipose
3. Reticular

Dense:
1. Regular
2. Irregular
3. Elastic

57
Q

Specialized Connective Tissue

A

-Bone:
1. Spongy
2. Compact
-Blood
-Cartilage:
1. Elastic
2. Fibrocartilage
3. Hyaline

58
Q

Muscle Tissue Function

A

Contacts, maintains posture, and provides support to all the organs and body by keeping them in place
—contains specialized proteins actin and myosin that slide past one another allowing movement

59
Q

Muscle Types

A

Skeletal: voluntary
Smooth: involuntary
Cardiac: involuntary

60
Q

Nerve Tissue Function

A
  • generate and conduct electrical signals in the body
61
Q

Nerve Tissue Types

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Glial cells
62
Q

Neuron Anatomy

A

Dendrites: branch
Soma: body
Nucleus
Axon
Schwann cell
Myeline sheath
Node of ranvier
Axon terminals

63
Q

Glial cells

A

1.Schwann cells
2. Oligodendrocyte
3. Microglial cell
4. Ependymal cells
5. Astrocyte
Any episodes Monday or Sunday

64
Q

Glial cell function

A

Also called neuroglia
—support and protect neurons

65
Q

Neurons Function

A

Nerve cells receive stimuli and transmit action potentials
—organization
-cell body: or soma
-dendrites: input
-axons: output

66
Q

Skin (integumentary system)

A

—Largest organ of the body
Example of an epithelial membrane
Composed of three layer:
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Hypodermis or subcutaneous layer

67
Q

Functions of the skin

A
  1. Protects against the cold and heat
  2. Prevents mechanical impact
  3. Protects tissue against chemical and physical damage
  4. Prevents microorganisms from penetrating
  5. Destruction of inoculated microorganisms
  6. Resorption of specific substances
  7. Prevents excessive dehydration whilst allowing a certain level of physiological water evaporation
    -together with sebaceous glands, synthesis of hydrolipids
  8. Pressure, vibration, and tactile sensation
68
Q

Epidermis

A

-Avascular, outer layer
- composed of flat squamous cells
- located under the squamous are basal cells that contain keratin and melanin
-Subdivided into five layers

69
Q

Epidermis Layers

A

Top to bottom
1. Stratum Corneum
2. Stratum Lucidum
3. Stratum Granulosum
4. Stratum Spinosum
5. Stratum Basale

70
Q

Dermis

A

-deep connective tissue layer
-allows for strength and flexibility
-cushions body from stress and strain

71
Q

Basement Membrane

A

-Between the epidermis and dermis
-composed of molecules that act to hold the skin together

72
Q

Subcutaneous Layer

A

-fatty later beneath the dermis
- contains nerves, blood vessels, adipose tissue, and connective tissue

ROC 120 (2 decks)

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