INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Flashcards
components of the integumentary system
skin, hair, nails, glands
main functions of skin
protection, sensation, temperature regulation, vitamin D production
the largest organ of the body
skin
average weight of skin
6-8 lbs
average surface area of skin
20 square feet
3 layers of the skin
epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis/subcutaneous layer
structure of epidermis (type of epithelium)
keratinized stratified squamous
2 main functions of epidermis
protection against abrasion, prevention of water loss
structure of dermis (type of tissue)
dense irregular tissue (for elasticity and can withstand pressure)
fatty layer of the skin
hypodermis/subcutaneous layer
structure of hypodermis (type of tissue)
loose connective tissue (adipose and areolar)
functions of hypodermis
connects dermis (skin) to muscles, shock-absorber of the body, insulator, energy reservoir
most superficial layer of the skin
epidermis
the epidermis receives nutrients via ________; nutrients come from the _______
diffusion; dermis
this process involves the replacement of cells from normal cells with keratin
keratinization/cornification
in which body parts can keratinization occur
feathers, hair, nails, claws, horns
how much does an individual’s skin shed normally
1 lbs
layers of epidermis (thick skin)
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
layers of epidermis (thin skin)
stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basalea
hairless type of skin
thick skin
type of skin found in your soles and palms
thick skin
type of skin found all over the body
thin skin
TRUE OR FALSE:
the epidermis is vascular
FALSE (it is avascular and receives nutrition via diffusion)
TRUE OR FALSE:
the layers of thin skin include the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basalea
FALSE (walang stratum lucidum ang thin skin)
different cell types in the epidermis
keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, merkel cells
where are keratinocytes mainly located
on the outer layer of the skin
function of keratinocytes
production of keratin
this cell type is responsible for skin pigmentation
melanocytes
main function of melanocytes
production of melanin
immune cells of the epidermis
langerhans cells
main function of langerhans cells
engulf pathogens
WBC found outside blood vessels
macrophages
WBC found inside blood vessels
monocytes
specialized epidermal cells associated with nerve endings
merkel cells
main function of merkel cells
sensation (detects touch and superficial pressure)
this epidermal layer is in direct contact with the basement membrane
stratum basale
stratum basale contains what type of cells
basal cells (cuboidal/columnar), melanocytes, and merkel cells
other term for stratum basale
stratum germinativum
which epidermal layer is responsible for the production of new skin cells to replace the top/dead skin cells
stratum basale
TRUE OR FALSE:
stratum basale consists of highly mitotic cells
TRUE
approximately how many days does the stratum basale undergo mitotic division
19 days
how many days will it take for skin cells to reach the epidermal surface
40-56 days
the stratum spinosum consists of ______ layers of ______ cells
8-10; many sided cells/spined cells
spined cells in the stratum spinosum are bound by ________
desmosomes
what types of cells can be found in the stratum basale
basal cells, melanocytes, merkel cells
what type of cells can be found in stratum spinosum
keratinocytes and langerhans cells
this is the granular layer of the epidermis
stratum granulosum
TRUE OR FALSE:
melanocytes from the spinosum migrate to form lipid granules
FALSE:
keratinocytes from the spinosum migrate to form protein granules
in which layer does keratinocytes from the spinosum migrate to form protein granules
stratum granulosum
TRUE OR FALSE:
most cells in the top part of the stratum granulosum are dying flat cells
TRUE
this is the translucent layer of the epidermis
stratum lucidum
this is the clear intracellular protein found in the keratinocytes of the stratum lucidum
eleidin
most superficial part of the epidermis
stratum corneum
the stratum corneum is composed of what type of cells/tissue
dead keratinized tissues (corneocytes)
how many layers does stratum corneum have
25 or more
hairless type of skin
thick skin
why is thick skin (palms and soles) relatively lighter than other parts of the body
because the outermost layer is farther away from the basal layer with melanocytes, decreasing its pigment
TRUE OR FALSE:
stratum corneum is known to be thinner in thick skin than in thin skin
FALSE (it’s factually THICKER)
TRUE OR FALSE:
the type of skin affects skin color
TRUE
this is the thickest layer of the skin
dermis
what type of tissue is the dermis made of
dense irregular connective tissue
what are the structures present in the dermis
nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscles (arrector pili), glands, lymphatic/blood vessels
what are the types of cells present in the dermis
fibroblasts (connective tissue) , macrophages, mast cells, and WBCs
what are the types of fibers present in the dermis
collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers
this type of fiber strengthens your tissue
collagen fibers
this type of fiber provides elasticity
elastic fibers
this type of fiber binds collagen and elastic fibers together
reticular fibers
main functions of the dermis
main water supply of the body, provides nutrition for the epidermis, and temperature regulation (sweat glands)
TRUE OR FALSE:
the dermis is highly vascular
TRUE
these are nipple-like projections on the upper part of the dermis that contains blood vessels
dermal papillae
these structures form the fingerprints and footprints on thick skin
dermal papillae
give one function of the dermal papillae
provides friction for better grip
what are the layers of the dermis
dermal papillae, papillary layer, and reticular layer
this layer of the dermis is in direct contact with the basement membrane
papillary layer
functions of the papillary layer
regulates body temp and supplies nutrition for the epidermis
structure of the papillary layer
loose connective tissue (possible areolar tissue)
this is the second (deepest) layer of the dermis
reticular layer
functions of the reticular layer
structure, elasticity, and support for the components of the skin
this appears when skin is overstretched and damaged
stretch marks
medical term for stretch marks
striae
what accessory structures are found in the reticular layer of the dermis
hair, arrector pili, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
also known as the subcutaneous layer
hypodermis
the hypodermis is a network of [types of tissues] and [type of fibers]
fat (adipose and areolar); collagen
this connects the dermis to the muscles
hypodermis
structure of hypodermis
loose connective tissue (adipose and areloar)
types of accessory skin structures
hair, nails, and glands
in which layer are accessory structures located
a. epidermis
b. dermis
c. hypodermis
b. dermis
this is found everywhere in the skin except in thick skin
hair
what is responsible for hair pigmentation/color
melanin with a mixture of keratin
major types of hair
vellus and terminal hair
this type of hair does not project beyond the hair follicles
vellus hair
TRUE OR FALSE:
vellus hair is more heavily pigmented than terminal hair
FALSE
in which areas of the body can terminal hair be found
underarms, pubic area, and beard
concentric layers of the hair
inner medula (innermost), cortex, cuticle (outermost)
which concentric layer of the hair is covered with hard keratin
cuticle
terminal hair is longer and deep within the ___________
hair bulb
this reacts with cold temperature and emotions (fear) and is responsible for goosebumps
arrector pili
what type of muscle is the arrector pili
smooth muscle
TRUE OR FALSE:
the skin contains a certain type of muscle
TRUE (arrector pili)
the nails are made up of ________________ cells
(highly keratinized) epithelial
what mineral hardens the nail
calcium
the cuticle is made up of dead keratinized skin cells; the eponychium is made up of ______________
alive cells (with prominent nucleus and cells)
average growth rate of nails a day
0.5-1.2 mm
4 types of glands
sebaceous, sweat, ceruminous, and mammary glands
other term for sweat glands
sudoriparous glands
types of sweat glands
eccrine and apocrine
this type of gland is found by the hair follicles
sebaceous gland
secretion of sebaceous glands
sebum
TRUE OR FALSE:
body secretions are odorless unless they come in contact with normal flora
TRUE
how many sweat glands are in an adult body
3-4 million
secretion of eccrine glands
isotonic fluid with salt
secretion of apocrine glands
3-methyl-2hexanoic acid
apocrine glands are found in what parts of the body
armpits and genitals
ceruminous glands are modified ________ glands found in the external auditory canal
eccrine
secretion of ceruminous glands
cerumen
modified apocrine glands
mammary glands
