integumentary system

Question 1

skin (the largest organ) and accessory structures of hair, nails, glands, muscles and nerves

Answer 1

integumentary system

Question 2

medical specialty for integumentary system disorders

Answer 2

dermatology

Question 3

superficial thinner portion epithelial tissue (top)

Answer 3

epidermis

Question 4

deeper thicker portion connective tissue (middle)

Answer 4

dermis

Question 5

not part of the skin below skin areolar tissues adipose tissues and storage depot of fat contains large vessels and contains lamellated corpuscles

Answer 5

hypodermis/ subcutaneous layer

Question 6

pressure sensitive nerve endings in subcutaneous layer

Answer 6

lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles

Question 7

90% epidermal cells arrange layers produce protein keratin protects skin and body from heat, microbes, chemicals produce lamellar granules release water-repellent sealant.

Answer 7

keratinocyte

Question 8

8% epidermal cells produce pigment melanin brown-black pigment determines skin color absorbs UV light shields nucleus & DNA

Answer 8

Melanocyte

Question 9

small fraction (<2%) arise from red bone marrow migrate to epidermis participate in immune responses against microbes invading skin easily damage by UV light

Answer 9

Langerhans cells

Question 10

least numerous (<1%) located in deepest layer contact flattened process of sensory neuron tactile detect different aspects of touch sensations

Answer 10

Merckel cells

Question 11

(bottom) deepest layer of epidermis single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes some cells are stem cells continually divide produce new keratinocytes

Answer 11

stratum basale

Question 12

8-10 layers of many-sided keratinocytes some cells may retain ability to divide when prepared for microscope cells shrink & pull apart look like they have spines, spines are locations where tonofilaments insert into desmosomes

Answer 12

stratum spinosum

Question 13

3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes cells undergoing apoptosis

Answer 13

stratum granulosum

Question 14

present only in fingertips, palms, soles 3-5 layers flattened clear dead keratinocytes large amounts of keratin and thickened plasma membranes

Answer 14

stratum lucidum

Question 15

25-30 layers flattened dead keratinocytes continuously shed & replaced

Answer 15

stratum corneum

Question 16

sloughing takes 4 weeks on average

Answer 16

stratum basale

Question 17

superficial dermis 1/5 th of total thickness areolar CT with elastic fibers

Answer 17

papillary region of dermis

Question 18

small projections of dermis increase surface area may contain capillary loops

Answer 18

dermal papillae

Question 19

touch receptors

Answer 19

meissner corpuscles

Question 20

warmth, coolness, pain, tickling, itching

Answer 20

free nerve endings

Question 21

dense irregular CT collagen bundles interlacing net-like coarse elastic fibers a few adipose cells hair follicles, nerves sebaceous glands (oil) sudoriferous (sweat) glands

Answer 21

reticular region of dermis

Question 22

are tiny pockets in the skin where hair grows, each hair follicle has a root

Answer 22

hair follicles

Question 23

are tiny glands in the skin that produce sebum, and oily substance that lubricates and protects the skin and hair.

Answer 23

sebaceous glands (oil glands)

Question 24

are tiny glands in the skin that produce sweat

Answer 24

sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)

Question 25

synthesize melanin from amino acid tyrosine suing enzyme tyrosinase

Answer 25

melanocytes

Question 26

what is skin color due to?

Answer 26

is by the amount and type of melanin in the skin square millimeter of skin

Question 27

number of melanocytes?

Answer 27

there are between 1000 and 2000 melanocytes per square millimeter of skin or approximately 5% to 10% of the cells in the basal layer of the epidermis

Question 28

amount of melanin/ melanocyte?

Answer 28

the more melanin the darker skin you will have but the least of melanin the lighter color you will have

Question 29

causes skin color to vary

Answer 29

melanin

Question 30

yellow-orange pigment precursor to vitamin A found in stratum corneum found in fatty areas of dermis and subQ layers

Answer 30

carotene

Question 31

with oxygen= red is loaded with oxygen giving blood a bright red color

Answer 31

hemoglobin

Question 32

is a yellow- orange pigment that is produced when red blood cells bread down

Answer 32

bilirubin

Question 33

thick skin

Answer 33

palms, digits, sole

Question 34

thin skin

Answer 34

rest of body

Question 35

differences between thick & thin skin?

Answer 35

thick skin has epidermal ridges, no hair follicles, more sweat glands, more sensory receptors. think skin has no epidermal ridges, hair follicles, less sweat glands, less sensory receptors.

Question 36

bundle of smooth muscle cells associated with hairs, causing the hairs to stand on end, known colloquially as goose bumps

Answer 36

arrector pilli

Question 37

dendrites of neurons sensitive to touch and generate nerve impulses if hair shaft moved

Answer 37

hair root plexuses

Question 38

cells of matrix differentiate keratinize die

Answer 38

growth stage of hair (2-6 years)

Question 39

hair growing stops, after resting stage hair root falls out, new hair grows in its place, at nay one time about 85% of scalp hairs are in growth stage

Answer 39

resting stage of hair (3 months)

Question 40

excessive body hair excessive amounts of androgens may have tumor of adrenal glands, testes, ovaries have polycystic ovary syndrome.

Answer 40

hirsutism

Question 41

simple branches acinar glands usually connected to hair follicles

Answer 41

sebaceous glands (oil glands)

Question 42

simple coiled tubular glands widely distributed swear= water, urea, uric acid, ammonia, amino acids, glucose duct opens as pore at epidermal surface

Answer 42

eccrine sweat glands

Question 43

simple coiled tubular glands mainly in axilla, groin, areola bearded region of M face formerly though to be apocrine really merocrine and slightly viscous of proteins and lipids

Answer 43

apocrine sweat glands

Question 43

thickened region of stratum corneum found beneath free edge on nail secures nail to fingertip

Answer 43

hyponychium

Question 43

modified sweat glands in external ear waxy secretion

Answer 43

ceruminous glands

Question 44

whitish, crescent-shaped area of proximal end of nail body whitish because vascular tissue underneath hidden behind thick stratum basale

Answer 44

lunula

Question 45

evaporation of sweat from the skin surface helps lower body temperature during moderate exercise blood flow through skin increase amount of heat radiated from body increases.

Answer 45

functions of skin thermoregulation

Question 45

migration of cells stops when cells from opposite sides of the wounds meet

Answer 45

contact inhibition

Question 45

narrow band of epidermis occupies proximal border of nail consists of stratum corneum

Answer 45

eponychium or cuticle

Question 46

functions of skin

Answer 46

-protection= keratin, lipids, oily sebum, acidic pH, melanin, epidermal Langerhands cells, macrophages. -cutaneous sensation= touch, pressure, vibration, tickling, warmth, coolness, pain -excretion= the elimination of substances from the body sweat is vehicle of excretion for small amounts of salts, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and urea -synthesis of vitamin D