INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Question 1

The integumentary system is composed of the skin

Answer 1

skin, or cutaneous membrane,
plus its accessory structures: hairs, nails, and glands.

Question 2

Through the __________of sweat, waste products (including lactic acid and urea) are released onto the skin

Answer 2

excretion

Question 3

Numerous sensory receptors in the
skin enable sensations,such as

Answer 3

touch, pain, temperature, pressure, and vibration.

Question 4

Blood vessels and sweat glands in the skin enable it to act in ____________ by
removing excess heat or preventing heat loss.

Answer 4

thermoregulation.

Question 5

___________blood
vessels constrict to reduce blood flow and heat loss through the skin, or dilate to
increase heat loss.

Answer 5

In response to nerve signals,

Question 6

Finally, the skin is the site of the initial steps in ____________which is important for the absorption of calcium from the diet.

Answer 6

synthesis of
vitamin D,

Question 7

The skin is made up of two distinct layers:

Answer 7

the superficial
epidermis and the underlying dermis.

Question 8

-A third
layer of tissue
- lies
deep to the dermis, and although it is not considered a component of the skin, it does help the skin perform its functions.
-consists of loose connective tissue
with many blood vessels and adipose tissue.

Answer 8

hypodermis.

Question 9

is avascular and composed of keratinized,
stratified squamous epithelium and contains four distinct
cell types: keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic (Langerhans) cells, and Merkel (tactile) cells.

Answer 9

epidermis.

Question 10

produce the strong waterproofing protein keratin.

Answer 10

Keratinocytes.

Question 11

produce the protective pigment melanin.

Answer 11

melanocytes.

Question 12

are specialized white blood cells that migrate to the epidermis,
where they function as phagocytes.

Answer 12

dendritic cells.

Question 13

are located at the epidermal–dermal junction and function in
light touch reception.

Answer 13

Merkel (tactile) cells.

Question 14

Epidermal cells are arranged in layers (strata) of cells.
Thick skin, which is located only in

Answer 14

the palms of the hands.

Question 15

the soles of the feet, contains five strata:

Answer 15

the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum
lucidum, and stratum corneum.

Question 16

Thin skin, which is located everywhere else in the body, contains only four strata

Answer 16

(the stratum lucidum is absent).

Question 17

-the deepest layer of the epidermis,
consists of a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells (keratinocytes) attached to a basement membrane.
- also contains melanocytes, cells that secrete the brown pigment melanin, which
is then transferred to neighboring keratinocytes.
-The accumulation of melanin granules between the keratinocyte’s nucleus and its apical surface shields the cell’s DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.

Answer 17

stratum basale.

Question 18

-contains 8–10 layers of cells,
mostly keratinocytes that have a “spiny” appearance in histological preparations.
-dendritic cells are prominent in the stratum spinosum.

Answer 18

stratum spinosum.

Question 19

cells do not actually have spines; instead, the spines are artifacts caused
by the shrinkage of the cells during the preparation required for viewing them on a microscope slide

Answer 19

Living stratum spinosum.

Question 20

consists of three to five
layers of keratinocytes that undergo a drastic change in appearance as they begin to fill with keratin (a process called
keratinization)

Answer 20

stratum granulosum.

Question 21

the cells flatten and their
organelles, including the nucleus, disintegrate; the cells eventually die.

Answer 21

keratinization.

Question 22

found only in the thick
skin of the palms and soles, consists of two to four translucent layers of flat, dead keratinocytes.

Answer 22

stratum lucidum.

Question 23

The most superficial epidermal stratum.
-is the thickest stratum, consisting of 20–30 layers of cells
-Its cells are essentially flattened sacs of keratin that are continually
shed from the surface of the skin and are replaced by keratinocytes arising from deeper layers.

Answer 23

stratum corneum.

Question 24

Underlying the epidermis is the highly vascular dermis, which consists of a papillary layer and a reticular layer

Answer 24

the dermis.

Question 25

which lies immediately deep to the stratum basale and largely consists of loose connective tissue, is so named because it contains finger-like
projections called dermal papillae, many of which contain capillary loops that provide a blood supply to the overlying, avascular epidermis.

Answer 25

papillary layer.