Integumentary System Flashcards by Tali Spencer

Integumentary means..

“covering”, also called the cutaneous membrane

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Functions of the Skin

Protects from dehydration, injury, and germ invasion

Regulates body temperature

Manufactures vitamin D

Contains nerves and receptors

Temporary storage of fat, glucose, water, and salts

Screen out ultraviolet radiation

Special absorptive properties

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Structure of the Skin (Two Layers)

Epidermis, the outermost covering
-Epithelial cells
-Avascular

Dermis, “true skin”
-Connective tissue
-Vascular

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Skin Appendages

Hair

Nails

Sebaceous glands

Sweat glands

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Epidermal Cells

Keratinocytes: produce the protein keratin

Merkel cells: sensory receptors for touch

Melanocytes: produce the pigment melanin

Langerhans: macrophages that defend against organisms

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Epidermal Layers

Stratum germinativum: deepest epidermal layer

Stratum spinosum: 8-10 cell layers thick

Stratum granulosum: site of keratinization

Stratum lucidum: palms/soles

Stratum corneum: dead cells

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Skin Color

Melanin: pheomelanin (lighter skin) and eumelanin (darker skin)

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Dermis

Also known as “Corium”

Thicker, inner layer of the skin, below the epidermis

Mast cells respond to injury, infection, or allergy, produces histamine and heparin

Many nerve receptors

Blood vessels aid in regulation of body temperature to maintain homeostasis

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Subcutaneous

Also known as “Hypodermal Layer”

Not a true part of the integumentary system

Lies under dermis

Attaches integumentary system to surface muscles underneath

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Hair

Anatomy of a single strand

-Outer cuticle layer
-Cortex
-Inner medulla
-Root
-Shaft
-Hair follicle
-Arrector pili muscle

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Nails

Hard structures covering dorsal surfaces of the last phalanges of the fingers and toes

Formed in nail bed or matrix

Some disease and condition may be revealed by color of nails

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Integument and Microorganisms

Protects against pathogens and water loss.

Most skin bacteria are associated with hair follicles and sweat glands

Preventing spread of disease:
20 seconds hand wash

2-4 infectious material

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Environmental Factors Affecting the Skin

Allergens in the air

Sensitivity to certain foods, materials, or chemicals

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Sweat (sudoriferous glands)

Perspiration 99% water

Excreted through pores

Under control of the nervous system

Ceruminous, or wax, glands are found in ear canals

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Sebaceous glands

Sebum is a thick, oily substance, protects the skin

Sebum lubricates skin, keeping it soft and pliable

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Disease

Distinct and measurable

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Disorder

Might indicate a specific disease is possible

Not enough clinical evidence for diagnosis

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Congenital Skin Disorders

Rare and vary in severity

-Albinism : Partial or complete loss of pigmentation

-Birthmarks : either vascular or pigmented

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Athlete’s foot

Contagious fungal infection

Dermatitis

Noncontagious inflammation of the skin that may be nonspecific

Eczema

Acute or chronic, noncontagious inflammatory skin disease

Dry, itchy, scaly

Impetigo

Acute, inflammatory, contagious

Caused by staph or strep

Yellow crusts

Psoriasis

Chronic, noncontagious, inflammatory autoimmune disease

Dry, reddish patches covered with silvery white scales

Onset triggered by stress, trauma, or infection

Ringworm

Highly contagious fungal infection

Raised, itchy, circular patches with crust

Urticaria (hives)

Noncontagious skin condition; intensely itchy wheals or welts Generally a response to an allergen

Boils (Carbuncles)

Noncontagious, painful bacterial infection of hair follicles or sebaceous glands

Moles

Benign growths

Rosacea

Noncontagious, common, inflammatory disorder Chronic redness and irritation to the face

Herpes

Viral infection that is usually seen as a blister

Herpes Simplex

Cold sores or fever blisters around face and mouth Virus may appear as a blister in genital area (genital herpes)

Shingles (Herpes zoster)

Skin eruption due to viral infection of nerve ending Commonly seen on chest or abdomen Sever pain known as herpetic neuralgia

Head lice

Parasitic insects, contagious condition

Ingrown nails

Improper nail trimming or tight shoes

Fungal infections

Infections of the nail that often cause nail to separate from nail bed

Warts

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections affecting skin near nail

Skin Cancer (Three types)

Associated with exposure to UV Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Malignant melanoma

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Most common and least malignant type; usually occurring on face

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Most often found on scalp and lower lip

Malignant Melanoma

Metastasizes to other areas quickly Change in color or size of preexisting wart or mole

First degree burn

Epidermis only sunburns redness, swelling, and pain

Second degree (partial thickness) burn

Epidermis and dermis redness, swelling, pain, and blistering

Third degree (full thickness) burn

complete destruction of epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers Eschar: black, burned, tissue

Rule of Nines

Measures the percent of body burned Body is divided into 11 areas Each area accounts for 9%

Abrasion

Injury in which superficial layers of skin are scraped or rubbed away

Fissure

Groove or cracklike break in the skin

Laceration

Torn or jagged wound

Pressure/Decubitus Ulcer

Bedsores are preventable and primary concern of healthcare providers stages: 1. Redness only, skin intact 2.Blistered skin, broken or unbroken 3.skin breaks through layers 4.ulceration to underlying muscle and bone