Integumentary System Flashcards
Integumentary means..
“covering”, also called the cutaneous membrane
Functions of the Skin
Protects from dehydration, injury, and germ invasion
Regulates body temperature
Manufactures vitamin D
Contains nerves and receptors
Temporary storage of fat, glucose, water, and salts
Screen out ultraviolet radiation
Special absorptive properties
Structure of the Skin (Two Layers)
Epidermis, the outermost covering
-Epithelial cells
-Avascular
Dermis, “true skin”
-Connective tissue
-Vascular
Skin Appendages
Hair
Nails
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
Epidermal Cells
Keratinocytes: produce the protein keratin
Merkel cells: sensory receptors for touch
Melanocytes: produce the pigment melanin
Langerhans: macrophages that defend against organisms
Epidermal Layers
Stratum germinativum: deepest epidermal layer
Stratum spinosum: 8-10 cell layers thick
Stratum granulosum: site of keratinization
Stratum lucidum: palms/soles
Stratum corneum: dead cells
Skin Color
Melanin: pheomelanin (lighter skin) and eumelanin (darker skin)
Dermis
Also known as “Corium”
Thicker, inner layer of the skin, below the epidermis
Mast cells respond to injury, infection, or allergy, produces histamine and heparin
Many nerve receptors
Blood vessels aid in regulation of body temperature to maintain homeostasis
Subcutaneous
Also known as “Hypodermal Layer”
Not a true part of the integumentary system
Lies under dermis
Attaches integumentary system to surface muscles underneath
Hair
Anatomy of a single strand
-Outer cuticle layer
-Cortex
-Inner medulla
-Root
-Shaft
-Hair follicle
-Arrector pili muscle
Nails
Hard structures covering dorsal surfaces of the last phalanges of the fingers and toes
Formed in nail bed or matrix
Some disease and condition may be revealed by color of nails
Integument and Microorganisms
Protects against pathogens and water loss.
Most skin bacteria are associated with hair follicles and sweat glands
Preventing spread of disease:
20 seconds hand wash
2-4 infectious material
Environmental Factors Affecting the Skin
Allergens in the air
Sensitivity to certain foods, materials, or chemicals
Sweat (sudoriferous glands)
Perspiration 99% water
Excreted through pores
Under control of the nervous system
Ceruminous, or wax, glands are found in ear canals
Sebaceous glands
Sebum is a thick, oily substance, protects the skin
Sebum lubricates skin, keeping it soft and pliable
Disease
Distinct and measurable
Disorder
Might indicate a specific disease is possible
Not enough clinical evidence for diagnosis
Congenital Skin Disorders
Rare and vary in severity
-Albinism : Partial or complete loss of pigmentation
-Birthmarks : either vascular or pigmented
Athlete’s foot
Contagious fungal infection
Dermatitis
Noncontagious inflammation of the skin that may be nonspecific
Eczema
Acute or chronic, noncontagious inflammatory skin disease
Dry, itchy, scaly
Impetigo
Acute, inflammatory, contagious
Caused by staph or strep
Yellow crusts
Psoriasis
Chronic, noncontagious, inflammatory autoimmune disease
Dry, reddish patches covered with silvery white scales
Onset triggered by stress, trauma, or infection
Ringworm
Highly contagious fungal infection
Raised, itchy, circular patches with crust
Urticaria (hives)
Noncontagious skin condition; intensely itchy wheals or welts
Generally a response to an allergen
Boils (Carbuncles)
Noncontagious, painful bacterial infection of hair follicles or sebaceous glands
Moles
Benign growths
Rosacea
Noncontagious, common, inflammatory disorder
Chronic redness and irritation to the face
Herpes
Viral infection that is usually seen as a blister
Herpes Simplex
Cold sores or fever blisters around face and mouth
Virus may appear as a blister in genital area (genital herpes)
Shingles (Herpes zoster)
Skin eruption due to viral infection of nerve ending
Commonly seen on chest or abdomen
Sever pain known as herpetic neuralgia
Head lice
Parasitic insects, contagious condition
Ingrown nails
Improper nail trimming or tight shoes
Fungal infections
Infections of the nail that often cause nail to separate from nail bed
Warts
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections affecting skin near nail
Skin Cancer (Three types)
Associated with exposure to UV
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Most common and least malignant type; usually occurring on face
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Most often found on scalp and lower lip
Malignant Melanoma
Metastasizes to other areas quickly
Change in color or size of preexisting wart or mole
First degree burn
Epidermis only
sunburns
redness, swelling, and pain
Second degree (partial thickness) burn
Epidermis and dermis
redness, swelling, pain, and blistering
Third degree (full thickness) burn
complete destruction of epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers
Eschar: black, burned, tissue
Rule of Nines
Measures the percent of body burned
Body is divided into 11 areas
Each area accounts for 9%
Abrasion
Injury in which superficial layers of skin are scraped or rubbed away
Fissure
Groove or cracklike break in the skin
Laceration
Torn or jagged wound
Pressure/Decubitus Ulcer
Bedsores are preventable and primary concern of healthcare providers
stages:
1. Redness only, skin intact
2.Blistered skin, broken or unbroken
3.skin breaks through layers
4.ulceration to underlying muscle and bone
