Integumentary System

Question 1

Integumentary System

Answer 1

protect against microorganisms, UV radiation, mechanical forces, maintains euthermia and prevents fluid loss

Question 2

Layers of the skin

Answer 2

Stratum Corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

Question 3

What cells make up the epidermis

Answer 3

Stratified squamous cells

Question 4

Stratum corneum

Answer 4

thickest layer that contains all dead cells that will slough off
contains keratin which toughens and protects against mechanical stressors
keratinocytes lie flat and stacked
tight bonds prevent loss of fluids

Question 5

Stratum Granulosum

Answer 5

beginning to die, changing shape - nucleus is lost

Question 6

Stratum spinosum

Answer 6

keratinocytes are differentiating after production at basale

Question 7

Stratum Basale

Answer 7

creates the stratum cells, includes the melanocytes which control the color - makes new keratinocytes which will move upward to renew the skin

Question 8

other cells within the epidermis

Answer 8

melanocytes, landerhan cells and merkel cells

Question 9

Merkel cells are responsible for

Answer 9

light touch mechanoreceptors

Question 10

Langerhans cells are associated with

Answer 10

immune response and show antigens to T cells

Question 11

Location of langerhans cells

Answer 11

within straum spinosum

Question 12

what types of cells are langerhans cells

Answer 12

a type of dendritic cells

Question 13

What do the melanocytes do

Answer 13

secrete pigment in response to UV light and melanocytes-stimulating hormone

Question 14

what do melanocytes protect against

Answer 14

UV radiation

Question 15

Burns of the epidermis allow for

Answer 15

excess water loss and exposure of nerve endings that cause significant pain

Question 16

What does the Dermal layer allow for

Answer 16

skin mobility

Question 17

what is the extracellular matrix of the dermis

Answer 17

haphazard arrangement of collagen, elastic and reticular fibers which allow for mobility

Question 18

what is included within the dermis

Answer 18

hair follicles, glands, vasculature, lymphatics and more nerves

Question 19

what are Rete pegs

Answer 19

epidermal ridges are the papillae that allow for adhesion of the epidermis and the dermis

Question 20

Layers of the dermis

Answer 20

Papillary and Reticular layers

Question 21

what does the papillary layer allow for

Answer 21

dilation which assists with heat release or constriction

Question 22

what is contained within the papillary layer

Answer 22

macrophages and mast cells

Question 23

what does the papillary layer include

Answer 23

thin layer containing blood vessels and areolar connective tissues

Question 24

What does the reticular layer contain

Answer 24

histocytes and fibroblasts

Question 25

what do histiocytes and fibroblast help with

Answer 25

inflammation and wound healing

Question 26

What do fibroblasts secrete

Answer 26

connective tissue matrix including collagen

Question 27

What is the subcutaneous layer made of

Answer 27

adipose tissues

Question 28

features of the subcutaneous layer

Answer 28

varying thickness, connects dermis to underlying muscle

Question 29

what is contained within the subcutaneous layer

Answer 29

macrophages, fibroblasts, gat cells, nervous tissue, vasculature, lymphatics , roots of the hair follicles

Question 30

what does subcutaneous layer assist with

Answer 30

thermal insulations and fat revision for energy storage

Question 31

pallor

Answer 31

decreased blood flow

Question 32

cyanosis

Answer 32

decreased O2 in affected tissues

Question 33

jaundice

Answer 33

increased bilirubin

Question 34

albinism

Answer 34

lack of melanin

Question 35

What are nails made of

Answer 35

kertainized plates

Question 36

what is the purpose of the nails

Answer 36

protection of finger tips and aids in tactile sensation

Question 37

what is the eponychium

Answer 37

cuticle

Question 38

what is the nail matrix

Answer 38

proximal nail fold is the area of growth

Question 39

what is hair made of

Answer 39

keratin

Question 40

purpose of hair

Answer 40

retain heat and secondary sexual characteristics and helps with sensation of mechanioreceptors

Question 41

where is the root of the hair located

Answer 41

dermis

Question 42

where is the hair generated

Answer 42

bulb

Question 43

arrector pili muscle

Answer 43

smooth muscle that will pull hair upright

Question 44

what lubricates the hair

Answer 44

sebaceous glands

Question 45

what does the secabous gland secrete

Answer 45

sebum

Question 46

what are the properties of sebum

Answer 46

antibacterial and antifungal

Question 47

what do lysozymes break down

Answer 47

gram-positive bacteria broken down - sweat tears and saliva

Question 48

Types of sweat glands

Answer 48

apocrine and eccrine sweat glands

Question 49

apocrine sweat glands

Answer 49

emotional stress and sexual arousal - highest concentration in axilla, face, abdomen and genitals

Question 50

Eccrine sweat glands

Answer 50

help with thermoregulation - highest concentration in palms, soles and forehead

Question 51

What makes up sweat

Answer 51

filtered plasma - h2o, Na, urea, uric acid, aminos, ammonia, lactic acid, phermones

Question 52

what is the pH of sweat and how is it beneficial

Answer 52

pH 4-6 and prevents bacterial growth

Question 53

What is required for the absorption of calcium and phosphate

Answer 53

vitamin D

Question 54

how is vitamin D absorbed

Answer 54

through sunlight in inactive form in the keratinocytes and need to be converted

Question 55

where is vitamin D converted into the active form

Answer 55

Liver and kidneys

Question 56

What are key parts to thermal regulation

Answer 56

capillaries in the dermis and sweat glands

Question 57

where does absorption begin on the skin

Answer 57

stratum corneum through the epithelium