Integumentary system Flashcards

Question

The Dermal Papillary Layer

Answer 1

Named for the dermal papillae -Just deep to, and projects up into, the epidermis (papillae means nipple)

Answer 2

-Interwoven meshwork of dense irregular connective tissue -As well as mixed in cells of connective tissue proper Elastic and collagen fibers are present -Combine to establish the right balance of flexibility and stability -Collagen fibers extend from up into dermal papilae -down into the hypodermis

Answer 3

Contains capillaries and nerves supplying the epidermis

Answer 4

Epidermis and extend down into the dermis

Answer 5

-network of blood vessels between reticular layer and hypodermis/ plexus -blood vessels from the hypodermis —extends up into the reticular layer -•Supply nutrients, eliminate wastes, control secretions, and respond to stimuli Blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

Answer 6

Also called the subcutaneous layer •Deep to the dermis without a clear line separating them Not actually part of the skin •But stabilizes the skin to underlying tissues Made of loose connective tissue with many adipose cells No vital organs in area make it an ideal site for subcutaneous injections

Answer 7

Are accessory organs of the integumentary system Hairs are nonliving structures Epidermal layers invaginate into the dermis to form hair follicles Hair matrix grows, making hair longer, and cells become keratinized and die Halfway to skin surface, it becomes the hair root •Above the surface it is called the hair shaft

Answer 8

-Protects the integument -Prevents entry of foreign particles into nose, eyes, and ears -Prevents injury via sensory perception -Allow for thermoregulation -Express emotional state

Answer 9

Differences due to type and amount of melanin from melanocytes Aging results in less pigment production • Causing gray or white hair

Answer 10

Derived differently in different animals •Epidermal scales are found covering lizards and snakes •Several kinds of dermal scales are found in fish, turtles, and archosaurs (birds and crocodilians) Scales are also nonliving structures Dermal scales with bony components are called osteoderms Scales are primarily protective but some are highly modified for other functions

Answer 11

No and a part of the whole epidermis •This means they cannot be shed individually as they wear out as with hairs or feathers •Snakes and lizards shed their skins as large areas in a process called ecdysis

Answer 12

Feathers are a complex form of modified epidermal scale Found only in birds and extinct nonavian theropods There are two major kinds of feather: •Vaned feathers are stiff and orderly •Down feathers are soft and fluffy Feathers function in thermoregulation, waterproofing, and flight

Answer 13

Secrete oily sebum into the hair follicle Sebaceous follicles also secrete sebum directly onto surfaces: •In humans, skin of face, back, chest, nipples, and external genitalia Sebaceous glands are sensitive to hormonal changes •Inflamed glands can result in acne

Answer 14

Also called sudoriferous glands Found in mammals Include two types 1.Apocrine sweat glands 2.Eccrine sweat glands

Answer 15

Become active at puberty Secrete sticky, cloudy sweat into hair follicles in armpits, around nipples, and in the pubic region Sweat is food source for bacteria on skin, increasing odor Not important thermoregulators in humans, but the main source of thermoregulatory sweat in hoofed mammals

Answer 16

Also called merocrine sweat glands High numbers on soles and palms - this is the only location on most mammals; humans have them body-wide Coiled tubular structure secretes watery perspiration directly onto surface of skin Sweat also contains electrolytes, urea, and organic nutrients •Sodium chloride gives it the salty taste Function is to cool body through evaporation

Answer 17

Mammary glands •Secrete milk Ceruminous glands •Secrete a waxy substance that combines with sebaceous oils to form earwax

Answer 18

Protect tips of fingers and toes Visible nail body •Made of dense, keratinized cells recessed under surrounding epithelium Nail bed •Deeper level of epithelium covered by nail body

Answer 19

•Where the nail is produced •Covered by the cuticle

Answer 20

Pale crescent near root

Answer 21

Claws are developmentally and structurally similar to nails •Pointed and used for gripping, digging or tearing •A pointed structure found elsewhere is called a spur Hooves are broad, flat keratinous structures used to support the weight of the body

Answer 22

Skin regeneration occurs because: •Stem cells of epithelium and connective tissue undergo cell division •Replacing lost or damaged tissue Four steps of skin repair 1.Scab formation 2.Tissue granulation 3.Scab removal 4.Scar formation

Answer 23

•A blood clot that forms on the surface •Is a temporary "patch" and can help prevent additional microbes from invading the injury

Answer 24

•Is formed from the combination of the fibrin blood clot, fibroblasts, and capillaries Macrophages clean up debris

Answer 25

Clot removal and a decline of capillaries

Answer 26

•Scar is formed from remaining meshwork of collagen fibers •Degree of scar dependent on severity and location of injury and age of patient • •Keloid scars are thicker, raised, smooth, and shiny epidermal surface

Answer 27

Usually thought of as caused by heat •Can be caused by cold, chemicals, electricity • •Burn severity determined by two factors •Extent of surface area damage •Depth of tissue damage

Answer 28

first degree, second degree, third degree, "Fourth degree"

Answer 29

-Only epidermis affected •Redness and pain •No blisters or swelling occurs

Answer 30

•Extends through entire epidermis and part of the dermis •Redness, pain, and blistering

Answer 31

-Destroys entire thickness of the skin •Surface of wound is leathery and may be brown, tan, black, white, or red •Patient feels no pain

Answer 32

involve tissues down to the bone

Answer 33

•Burns are considered a critical injury if: •Second-degree burns cover 25% or more of the patient's body • •Third-degree burns cover 10% or more of the patient's body • •Any portion of the body has a fourth-degree burn • Third-degree burns occur on the face, hands, or fee

Answer 34

a method used in calculating body surface area affected by burns ( whole head 9%)

Answer 35

Fluid loss • •Heat loss • •Bacterial infection

Answer 36

Skin injuries and infections are more common •Likely due to a thinning of the epidermis Sensitivity of immune system is reduced •Mainly due to a decrease of macrophages residing in the skin Muscles become weaker and bone strength decreases •Due to a decline in vitamin D3

Answer 37

Sensitivity to sun exposure increases •Due to lower amount of melanin production Skin becomes dryer and flakier •Due to reduction in glandular secretions Hair thins and loses color •Due to low-functioning follicles and decreased melanocyte activity

Answer 38

Sagging and wrinkling of the skin occurs Due to decrease in elastic network, more noticeable when skin has been exposed to a lot of sunlight Ability to lose heat is reduced Due to reduced dermal blood supply and less active sweat glands Skin repairs more slowly Due to slower stem cell division, increasing the threat of infection in cuts