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Bio-203 > Integumentary system > Flashcards

Integumentary system Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cutaneous membrane is…

A

Skin

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2
Q

Two layers of skin

A

Epidermis (Superficial)
Dermis (deep)

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3
Q

Accessory Structures

A

Things that aren’t skin but are related to it

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4
Q

Example of Accessory Strucutures

A

Hair, feathers, scales, nails, and some exocrine glands

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5
Q

Hypodermis (subcutaneous) is deep to

A

the dermis

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6
Q

General functions of the integument

A

Protection, Temperature maintenance, Synthesis and storage of nutrients, Sensory reception, Excretion and Secretion

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7
Q
  1. Protection (fucntions of the integument)
A

Skin covers underlying tissues and prevents fluid loss

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8
Q
  1. Synthesis and storage of nutrients (functions of the integument)
A

-Human epidermis synthesizes vitamin D3
-Dermis stores lipids in adipose tissue

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9
Q
  1. Sensory reception (functions of the integument)
A

Receptors for pain, pressure, touch, and temperature detect stimuli and send information to nervous system

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10
Q

Excretion and Secretion (functions of the integument)

A

-Glands excrete salts, water, and organic wastes

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10
Q

Excretion and Secretion (functions of the integument)

A

-Glands excrete salts, water, and organic wastes

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11
Q

Layers of epidermis

A

Statum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

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12
Q

Deepest of Epidermis Layers (Stratum Basale) or stratum germinativum

A

-Forms epidermal ridges down into dermis
-Dermis has dermal papillae up into dermis
-Epidermis is avascular
-Ridges and papillae increase surface area for diffusion between dermis and epidermis

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13
Q

Intermediate Strata is Composed of

A

Stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidem

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14
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

First layer that is produced as the result of stem cell division and as the stem cells generate epithelial tissue that is removing

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15
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Cells that produce keratin-protein that provide water resistance and the foundation for many integumentary accessory structures.

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16
Q

Startum lucidum

A

As the cells keratinize and move closer to the surface it creates second most superficial layer that contains cells that are densely packed into highly keratinized layer (pals, soles of feet, elbow areas, subject to damage through friction)

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17
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Most superficial layer contains 15-30 layers of cells that are keratinized and dead (because they are filled with keratin and can’t receive water) and shed in large groups

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18
Q

Carotenes

A

Various colors which accumulate in the epidermis

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19
Q

Melanin

A

Melanin is brown, yellow-brown, or black, produced by melanocytes near stratum basale cells, absorb ultraviolet (UV) radiation protecting deeper layers.

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20
Q

Chromatophores

A

“color changing cells”

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21
Q

Vitamin D3 is modified by

A

Vitamin D3 is modified by:
•The liver and the kidneys into calcitriol, essential for calcium and phosphorus absorption in the small intestine

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22
Q

Can all organisms synthesize vitamin D^3 and if not how can they acquire it?

A

Deep-sea fish acquire dietary vitamin D from plankton and other organis

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23
Q

Where else can synthesis occur other than the skin?

A

Furry mammals and birds synthesize vitamin D in their fur and feathers and acquire it through grooming behavior

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24
Q

The Dermal Papillary Layer

A

Named for the dermal papillae

-Just deep to, and projects up into, the epidermis

(papillae means nipple)

25
Q

The Dermal Reticular Layer

A

-Interwoven meshwork of dense irregular connective tissue

-As well as mixed in cells of connective tissue proper
Elastic and collagen fibers are present

-Combine to establish the right balance of flexibility and stability

-Collagen fibers extend from up into dermal papilae
-down into the hypodermis

26
Q

What does the Dermal Papillary contain?

A

Contains capillaries and nerves supplying the epidermis

27
Q

Hair follicles and sweat glands derived from

A

Epidermis and extend down into the dermis

28
Q

Cutaneous plexus

A

-network of blood vessels between reticular layer and hypodermis/ plexus

-blood vessels from the hypodermis —extends up into the reticular layer

-•Supply nutrients, eliminate wastes, control secretions, and respond to stimuli

Blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

29
Q

The Hypodermis

A

Also called the subcutaneous layer

•Deep to the dermis without a clear line separating them

Not actually part of the skin

•But stabilizes the skin to underlying tissues

Made of loose connective tissue with many adipose cells

No vital organs in area make it an ideal site for subcutaneous injections

30
Q

Hair and Hair Follicles

A

Are accessory organs of the integumentary system

Hairs are nonliving structures

Epidermal layers invaginate into the dermis to form hair follicles

Hair matrix grows, making hair longer, and cells become keratinized and die

Halfway to skin surface, it becomes the hair root

•Above the surface it is called the hair shaft

31
Q

Functions of Hair

A

-Protects the integument

-Prevents entry of foreign particles into nose, eyes, and ears

-Prevents injury via sensory perception

-Allow for thermoregulation

-Express emotional state

32
Q

Hair color

A

Differences due to type and amount of melanin from melanocytes

Aging results in less pigment production

•

Causing gray or white hair

33
Q

Scales

A

Derived differently in different animals

•Epidermal scales are found covering lizards and snakes

•Several kinds of dermal scales are found in fish, turtles, and archosaurs (birds and crocodilians)

Scales are also nonliving structures

Dermal scales with bony components are called osteoderms

Scales are primarily protective but some are highly modified for other functions

34
Q

Are Epidermal scales discrete objects?

A

No and a part of the whole epidermis

•This means they cannot be shed individually as they wear out as with hairs or feathers

•Snakes and lizards shed their skins as large areas in a process called ecdysis

35
Q

Feathers

A

Feathers are a complex form of modified epidermal scale

Found only in birds and extinct nonavian theropods

There are two major kinds of feather:

•Vaned feathers are stiff and orderly

•Down feathers are soft and fluffy

Feathers function in thermoregulation, waterproofing, and flight

36
Q

Sebaceous Glands of the Skin

A

Secrete oily sebum into the hair follicle

Sebaceous follicles also secrete sebum directly onto surfaces:

•In humans, skin of face, back, chest, nipples, and external genitalia

Sebaceous glands are sensitive to hormonal changes

•Inflamed glands can result in acne

37
Q

Sweat Glands

A

Also called sudoriferous glands

Found in mammals

Include two types

1.Apocrine sweat glands

2.Eccrine sweat glands

38
Q

Apocrine Sweat Glands

A

Become active at puberty

Secrete sticky, cloudy sweat into hair follicles in armpits, around nipples, and in the pubic region

Sweat is food source for bacteria on skin, increasing odor

Not important thermoregulators in humans, but the main source of thermoregulatory sweat in hoofed mammals

39
Q

Eccrine Sweat Glands

A

Also called merocrine sweat glands

High numbers on soles and palms - this is the only location on most mammals; humans have them body-wide

Coiled tubular structure secretes watery perspiration directly onto surface of skin

Sweat also contains electrolytes, urea, and organic nutrients

•Sodium chloride gives it the salty taste

Function is to cool body through evaporation

40
Q

Modified Sweat Glands

A

Mammary glands

•Secrete milk

Ceruminous glands

•Secrete a waxy substance that combines with sebaceous oils to form earwax

41
Q

Nails

A

Protect tips of fingers and toes

Visible nail body

•Made of dense, keratinized cells recessed under surrounding epithelium

Nail bed

•Deeper level of epithelium covered by nail body

42
Q

Nail root

A

•Where the nail is produced

•Covered by the cuticle

43
Q

Lunula

A

Pale crescent near root

44
Q

Claws and hooves

A

Claws are developmentally and structurally similar to nails

•Pointed and used for gripping, digging or tearing

•A pointed structure found elsewhere is called a spur

Hooves are broad, flat keratinous structures used to support the weight of the body

45
Q

Repair of the Integument

A

Skin regeneration occurs because:

•Stem cells of epithelium and connective tissue undergo cell division

•Replacing lost or damaged tissue

Four steps of skin repair

1.Scab formation

2.Tissue granulation

3.Scab removal

4.Scar formation

46
Q

Scab formation

A

•A blood clot that forms on the surface

•Is a temporary “patch” and can help prevent additional microbes from invading the injury

47
Q

Granulation tissue

A

•Is formed from the combination of the fibrin blood clot, fibroblasts, and capillaries

Macrophages clean up debris

48
Q

Scab removal

A

Clot removal and a decline of capillaries

49
Q

Scar Formation

A

•Scar is formed from remaining meshwork of collagen fibers

•Degree of scar dependent on severity and location of injury and age of patient

•

•Keloid scars are thicker, raised, smooth, and shiny epidermal surface

50
Q

Burns

A

Usually thought of as caused by heat

•Can be caused by cold, chemicals, electricity

•

•Burn severity determined by two factors

•Extent of surface area damage

•Depth of tissue damage

51
Q

Depth of the Burn

A

first degree, second degree, third degree, “Fourth degree”

52
Q

First degree burn

A

-Only epidermis affected

•Redness and pain

•No blisters or swelling occurs

53
Q

Second degree burn

A

•Extends through entire epidermis and part of the dermis

•Redness, pain, and blistering

54
Q

Third degree burn

A

-Destroys entire thickness of the skin

•Surface of wound is leathery and may be brown, tan, black, white, or red

•Patient feels no pain

55
Q

“Fourth degree burn”

A

involve tissues down to the bone

56
Q

Critical burn

A

•Burns are considered a critical injury if:

•Second-degree burns cover 25% or more of the patient’s body

•

•Third-degree burns cover 10% or more of the patient’s body

•

•Any portion of the body has a fourth-degree burn

•

Third-degree burns occur on the face, hands, or fee

57
Q

Rule of nines

A

a method used in calculating body surface area affected by burns ( whole head 9%)

58
Q

Major health concerns of burn damage

A

Fluid loss

•

•Heat loss

•

•Bacterial infection

59
Q

Effects of Aging on the Integument

A

Skin injuries and infections are more common

•Likely due to a thinning of the epidermis

Sensitivity of immune system is reduced

•Mainly due to a decrease of macrophages residing in the skin

Muscles become weaker and bone strength decreases

•Due to a decline in vitamin D3

60
Q

Effects of Aging on the Integument

A

Sensitivity to sun exposure increases

•Due to lower amount of melanin production

Skin becomes dryer and flakier

•Due to reduction in glandular secretions

Hair thins and loses color

•Due to low-functioning follicles and decreased melanocyte activity

61
Q

Effects of Aging on the Integument

A

Sagging and wrinkling of the skin occurs
Due to decrease in elastic network, more noticeable when skin has been exposed to a lot of sunlight

Ability to lose heat is reduced
Due to reduced dermal blood supply and less active sweat glands

Skin repairs more slowly
Due to slower stem cell division, increasing the threat of infection in cuts

Bio-203 (1 decks)

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