integumentary system

Question 1

What are the four kinds of tissues?

Answer 1

Epithelium
Connective
Nervous
Muscular

Question 2

Where is epithelium tissue in the body?

Answer 2

Hair, skin, nails (as sheets of cells)
Lining cavities
forming environmental boundaries as
coverings (external to organs, internal inner layer of vein/arteries)

Question 3

What is the function of the epithelium?

Answer 3

protection
control body temp
absorb, secrete, filter and sensations
make vit D

Question 4

What are some ways epithelium differs from other kinds of tissue?

Answer 4

densely packed
supported by connective tissue
has a polarity (top/bottom)
Microvilli and cilia
Avascular
regenerative ((cancer=too much *carcinoma) & stomach cells when burned by acid or lunch cells experience toxins))
Special cell contracts, hemidesmosomes, desmosomes, etc)

Question 5

What are desmosomes? hemidesmosomes?

Answer 5

D: attach adj. cells w proteins called CADHENNS. is located in cell cytoskeleton fibers (intermediate filaments)

H: attach epithelial cell to basement membrane using proteins called INTEGRINS. also attached to intermediate filaments.

Question 6

What are tight junctions and gap junctions?

Answer 6

TJ: a barrier between apical and basilar surfaces. purpose is to not allow mlcls to pass between cells (PARACELLULAR pthwy) unless the cell wants.

GJ: allow ions and small mlcls to pass through channels called CONNEXONS. important in cardiac and smooth tissue- allow electrical signal to pass through cells
(ex Ca2+ channel + ATPase allow Ca2+ through cell)

Question 7

What happens when inflammation is involved in tight junctions?

Answer 7

LEAKY GUT! allow movement between compartments (lets some substances through cells and into surrounding tissue creating more problems)

Question 8

Describe Basal lamina and Basal membrane

Answer 8

Basal Lamina anchors surface of cell to hemidesmosomes and acts as selective filter (made of lamina lucinda and lamina densa)

Basal Membrane is acellular adhesive layer btwn epithelial and connective tissue and is made of basal lamina

epithelial cell-> hemiDesmosomes- (Lam. Lucida, Lam densa)= basal lamina, reticular lamina

Question 9

What are the 10 systems in the body and which facilitate other systems?

Answer 9

So (SKELETAL)
Many (MUSCULAR) (S)
Cats (CARDIOVASCULAR)
Never (NERVOUS)

Even (ENDOCRINE) (N)
Let (LYMPHATIC) (CARD)

Regal (RESPIRATORY)
Dogs (DIGESTIVE)

Ultra (URINARY) (Card)
Represent (REPRODUCTIVE)

Question 10

What are the levels of organization from cell to community?

How is order established?

Answer 10

Atom
mlcl
organelle
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
community

• establish order w chemical energy

Question 11

anatomy v physiology

Answer 11

A: study of structure
P: study of function

Function determines structure!

Question 12

what is homeostasis?

Answer 12

the ability of an organism to maintain and regulate its internal environment in response to external stimuli- maintenance of equilibrium around a set point

Question 13

How is homeostasis accomplished?

Answer 13

receptor receives stimuli
control center integratesw the info
Effectors carry out control center instructions

Question 14

positive and negative feedback and examples of each:

Answer 14

P: amplifies stimulus to encourage a reaction (child birth or blood clotting)

N: response counteracts a stimuli to return to set point (body temp, blood sugar, pH)

Question 15

What is important for organisms survival?

Answer 15

optimal nutrients (food, O2, water)
Lacking toxins
homeostatic functions

Question 16

Functions of Skeletal System:

Answer 16

support and protect organs
allows for movement w muscular system
blood cell formation and mineral storage (CA2+)

Question 17

Functions of Muscular system:

Answer 17

Movement and product heat

Question 18

Nervous system functions:

Answer 18

internal organism Communication

response to stimuli

Question 19

Functions of Endocrine system:

Answer 19

Glands to regulate

Communication through blood stream

Question 20

Functions of cardiovascular system:

Answer 20

Transport, hormone, O2, blood cells and nutrients

Question 21

Functions of Lymphatic system:

Answer 21

1- drain excessive fluid in tissues to bloodstream

2- storage WBC for immunity response

Question 22

Function of respiratory system:

Answer 22

Gaseous exchange for respiration

Question 23

Function of digestive system:

Answer 23

bring in nutrients and excrete wastes

Question 24

Function of urinary system:

Answer 24

Filter blood, regulate water and electrolytes

Question 25

Function of reproductive system:

Answer 25

Start new life

Question 26

Difference between thick and thin skin?

Answer 26

THICK has no hair, palms and soles of feet, THICK epithelium layer

THIN skin has hair follicles, fewer layers of epidermis, dermis has additional features (nervous tissue, glands, hair, vascular fxns)

Question 27

Layers of epidermis

Answer 27

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum (last living layer), stratum spinosum (desmosomes) stratum basale (melanocytes), basement membrane,

Question 28

layers of dermis

Answer 28

hemidesmosomes, papillary layer, dermal papillae, papillary capillaries, connective tissue (fibroblast and collagen), contains capillaries pacinian and meissner corpuscles, hair follicles (Thin skin), sebaceous and sweat glands, reticular layer, hypodermis

Question 29

How can you tell secretory and excretory cells apart in a slide?

Answer 29

Secretory - more fatty (less pigmented

EXCRETORY - more pink/colorful, more near apical surface