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Biology 01 - Integumentary System > Integumentary Overview > Flashcards

Integumentary Overview Flashcards

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1
Q

What two distinct skin layers does the skin include?

A

Epithelial tissue overlying connective tissue

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2
Q

What does the outer layer of the epidermis composed of?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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3
Q

What is the dermis?

A

Thicker than the epidermis and is made up of connective tissue that contains collagen, elastic fibers, smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and blood.

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4
Q

What is beneath the Dermis?

A

Masses of areolar and adipose tissues bind the skin to underlying organs. FYI: These tissues are not apart of the skin. They form the hypodermis.

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5
Q

What is a basement Membrane?

A

What is anchored to the dermis by short fibrils that separates the two skin layers.

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6
Q

The collagen and elastic fibers of the subcutaneous layer are…

A

continuous with those of the dermis.

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7
Q

Why don’t sharp boundaries separate the dermis and subcutaneous layer?

A

The adipose tissue of the subcutaneous layer insulates, helping to conserve the body heat. The SubQ layer also contains major blood vessels that supply the skin.

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8
Q

Where are intradermal injections administered to?

A

into the skin.

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9
Q

Where are subcutaneous injections administered to?

A

subcutaneous layer.

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10
Q

Where are intramuscular injections administered to?

A

the muscle.

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11
Q

What to transdermal patches introduce?

A

The drugs through the skin by an adhesive patch that includes a small reservoir containing the substance.

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12
Q

What is the process of this drug?

A

The drug passes from the reservoir through a permeable membrane at a known rate.

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13
Q

Where does the drug diffuse? and where does it go?

A

Diffuses into the epidermis and enters the blood vessels of the dermis.

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14
Q

The Epidermis is composed entirely of?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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15
Q

+What does the epidermis lack?

A

Blood vessels

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16
Q

How is the epidermis organized?

A

In layers in which the older epidermal cells are pushed from the dermis towards the surface

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17
Q

The further the cells are pushed away from the dermis?..

A

The poorer their nutrient supply and in time, they die.

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18
Q

What happens in the process of keratinization?

A

Older cells begin to harden.

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19
Q

Strands of fibrous waterproof keratin proteins are synthesized…

A

and stored in the cell.

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20
Q

Where are the tightly packed dead cells accumulate at?

A

The epidermis and form in the outermost layer called the stratum corneum.

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21
Q

What happens to epidermal cells if their blood supply isn’t compromised?

A

They die.

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22
Q

How do pressure ulcers usually form?

A

from skin overlying bony projections (heel, hip, elbow, or shoulder.)

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23
Q

What does frequent changing body positions/massaging skin do?

A

Stimulates blood flow and can prevent pressure ulcers.

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24
Q

Where is the skin the thickest?

A

The palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.

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25
Q

Where is the skin the thinnest?

A

Everywhere else

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26
Q

Most areas.. what four layers are distinguishable?

A

Stratum Basale - Deepest cell layer
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Corneum - fully keratinized outermost layer
Stratum Lucidum - Between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum in the thickened skin of the palms and soles.

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27
Q

What do the cells of these layers do as there pushed towards the surface?

A

change shape

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28
Q

Healthy Skin

A
  • Production of epidermal cells in stratum basale closely -balances loss of dead cells from stratum corneum.
  • Doesn’t wear away
  • rate of cell division increases where skin is rubbed
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29
Q

Psoriasis

A
  • Chronic skin disease
  • Epidermal cells divide seven times more frequent than normal.
  • Excess cells accumulate, forming bright red patches
    covered with silvery scales. (these are keratinized cells).
    -Medications used to treat cancer are used to treat severe psoriasis.
  • Immune suppressing medications are used to treat chronic psoriasis.
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30
Q

What is the pigment that is produced by specialized cells in the epidermis called?

A

Melanocytes

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31
Q

What do melanocytes do?

A

These cells produce melanin from the amino acid tyrosine in organelles called Melanosomes.

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32
Q

Melanin

A

provides skin color

33
Q

How does melanin react with sunlight?

A

Absorbs UV radiation in sunlight, which would otherwise cause mutations in the DNA of skin cells and other damaging effects.

34
Q

Where are melanocytes?

A

lie in the stratum basale

35
Q

Melanocytes are the only cells that produce…

A

melanin

36
Q

Why will melanin pigment appear in nearby epidermal cells?

A

Cause of long, pigment containing cellular extensions that pass upward between neighboring epidermal cells.

37
Q

What is Eumelanin?

A

Largely responsible for skin color. Brownish-Black

38
Q

What is Pheomelanin?

A

Found in locations like lips. Reddish Yellow

39
Q

What is Albinism?

A

Mutations in melanin genes, which causes the non-pigmented skin.

40
Q

Types of Melanin?

A

All people have the same number of melanocytes
Differences of skin color results from different amounts of melanin produced by melanocytes.
Distribution and size of pigment granules also can influence color.
Granules in very dark skin are single and large.
Those in lighter skin aggregate clusters of two to four smaller granules.

41
Q

Environmental factors that affect skin color are..

A

Sunlight, UV Light, and X-Rays

42
Q

Effects from sunlight to melanin

A

Darken existing melanin and stimulate melanocytes to produce more pigment and transfer it to nearby epidermal cells within days.

43
Q

More effects from sun to melanin

A

Sunlight discontinues tan fades as the cells are pushed towards the skin surface and wear away.

44
Q

Blood in dermal vessels may affect what?

A

the skin color

45
Q

When blood is oxygen rich…

A

blood is bright red making the skin appear more pinkish

46
Q

When oxygen concentration is low what happens to the skin?

A

The skin appears more bluish - called Cyanosis

47
Q

If vessels are dilated ..

A

more blood enters the dermis

48
Q

If constricted skin

A

will appear pale body temp will drop abnormally

49
Q

What happens when eating high amounts of yellow veggie?

A

turn the skin orange because of carotene due to accumulation of carotene in adipose tissue of dermis.

50
Q

what is yellowish skin a sign of?

A

jaundice - consequence of liver malfunction

51
Q

Newborns who develop jaundice…

A

may have an underdeveloped liver or an inborn error of metabolism.

52
Q

What does the dermis bind the epidermis to?

A

underlying tissues

53
Q

There is no distinct boundary of the dermis though it has how many layers?

A

two

54
Q

What is the Upper or the Papillary Layer?

A

Composed of areolar connective tissue

55
Q

What is the lower reticular layer?

A

A dense irregular connnective tissue that includes tough collage fibers and elastic fibers in a gel-like ground substance. Gives skin its toughness and elasticity.

56
Q

Why the boundary between epidermis and the dermis uneven?

A

Cause of the epidermal ridges called the dermal papillae.

57
Q

Where does dermal papillae increase the surface area?

A

where the epidermal cells recieve oxygen and nutrients from the dermal capillaries.

58
Q

What does the the thickness of the dermis depend on?

A

the location

59
Q

What is the average size of the dermis?

A

1.0-2.0mm

60
Q

The eyelids are how thin?

A

0.5mm thin

61
Q

The soles of the feet may be as thick as?

A

3.0mm

62
Q

The dermis cells don’t what?

A

shed

63
Q

to remove a tattoo..

A

the laser shatters the ink molecules, and the immune system removes the resulting debris.

64
Q

The dermis contains…

A

muscle fibers

65
Q

skin that encloses the testes contain?

A

smooth muscle cells that can wrinkle the skin when they contract.

66
Q

The hair follicles and glands have ..

A

muscle fibers

67
Q

Many of the skeletal fibers are anchored to what?

A

the dermis in the face helping produce voluntary movements associated with the facial expressions.

68
Q

The dermis contains..

A

different types of sensory receptors

69
Q

What is the pacinian corpuscles?

A

lamellated corpuscles. Deeper in the dermis and responds to heavy pressure.

70
Q

What are the Meissners’s Corpuscles?

A

Located in the upper dermis and senses light touch and texture

71
Q

What are the free nerve endings?

A

They extend into the epidermis and respond to temperature changes or to factors that damage tissues.

72
Q

The dermis includes accessory structure such as?

A

hair follicles, sebaceous (oil) producing glands, and the sweat glands.

73
Q

what does the accessory structures originate from?

A

the epidermis

74
Q

the accessory of the skin include..

A

nails, hair follicles, and skin glands.

75
Q

As long as the accessory structures remain intact

A

severely burned or the injured dermis can regenerate.

76
Q

We have what on the on the ends of the fingers and toes?

A

protective coverings

77
Q

What is the nail plate?

A

Overlies the surface of the skin

78
Q

What is the nail bed?

A

Surface of the skin. specialized epithelial cells continous with the epithelium of the skin produce the nail bed.

79
Q

What is the Lunula?

A

The whitish thickened half moon shaped region at the base of the nail plate. most active growing region.

Biology 01 - Integumentary System (2 decks)

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