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Integumentary > Integumentary > Flashcards

Integumentary Flashcards

0
Q

The two major layers of the skin

A

Epidermis

Dermis

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1
Q

The largest organ of the whole body and forms a water resistant/water proof covering over the entire surface of the body

A

The skin

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2
Q

The epidermis is classified as:

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

* no blood supply

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3
Q

Five layers of cells that form the epidermis

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum germinativum

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4
Q

One cell layer thick. cells are perfectly formed. This is the germinating (growing) layer. The cells are continually dividing and the new cells are pushed up to the surface to replace those, which are worn away. Pigment granules, which determine the color of the skin, are present in this layer.

A

Stratum germinativum

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5
Q

Name of the pigment granules in the skin

A

Melanin

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6
Q

There are no blood vessels and very few nerve endings in what?

A

The epidermis

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7
Q

The basal layer is made up of which layers

A

Stratum germinativum

Stratum spinosum

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8
Q

The primary site of cell division/reproduction (mitosis) in the skin. It is the layer cells are made. The deepest layer in the epidermis and is in contact with the dermis directly beneath it.

A

Basal layer

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9
Q

How many days does it take for cells to move up the five layers of the epidermis before being shed ?

A

28-42 days

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10
Q

Know as prickle cell layer in the epidermis in this layer the cells are living. The cells interlock by arm like threads, which give the cells a prickly appearance. Pigment granules may be found here. Cells develop desmosomes.

A

Stratum spinosum

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11
Q

A layer of soft cells

A

Prickle cell layer

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12
Q

Also known as the granular layer. Keratin begins to invade cells. The thickness of this layer can vary from one cell thick to several cells thick and is most dense on soles of the feet and palms of hands

A

Stratum granulosum

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13
Q

As the cells die they fill with tiny granules called?

A

Keratohyalin

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14
Q

The change of living cells into dead, horny, flat cells with no nucleus

A

Keratinization

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15
Q

Also known as the clear layer - the cells in this layer have lost their nucleus and have a clear appearance. The cells are transparent, which allows the passage of sunlight into the deepest layers. This layer is only found on the fingertips, the palms of the hands and soles of feet

A

Stratum lucidum

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16
Q

Known as the horny layer - the uppermost layer is made up of flattened dead scale - primary concern of estheticians. The keratinized cells help to prevent bacteria entering through the skin and protect the body from major injury. Cells are continually being rubbed off by friction and are being replaced by cells from the layer beneath

A

Stratum corneum

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17
Q

The shedding of dead skin cells

A

Desquamation

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18
Q

The natural loss of water by constant gentle evaporation through our skin is what?

A

TEWL - Trans Epidermal Water Loss

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19
Q

Water makes up to _________% of the weight of the basal layer, but only _________% of the stratum corneum

A

70-75%

10-15%

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20
Q

Which layer is a very important layer in understanding skin, skin problems, skin care and the beneficial effects of cosmetics and skin care preparations. It has a big role in helping to contain moisture within the rest of the skin. Under normal condition up to 15% of it consist of water. Less than 10% will cause dehydrated skin prone to damage, breakdown, and infection.

A

Stratum corneum

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21
Q

In the epidermis the spaces between the cells are packed with what?

A

Fats or lipids made by the body.

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22
Q

One very important group of lipids. Also ingredients of some skin care products.

A

Ceramides

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23
Q

Dryness

A

Desiccation

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24
Q

Important for getting rid of old skin cells

A

Natural enzymes

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25
Q

” true skin” is made up of fibrous and elastic connective tissue and blood vessels. Also contains white collagen fibers and yellow elastic tissue. 25 times thicker than epidermis. Support structure

A

The dermis

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26
Q

Yellow elastic tissue

A

Elastin

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27
Q

Plumps the skin

A

Collagen

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28
Q

Keeps skin supple

A

Elastin

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29
Q

What are the two parts of the dermis

A

Papillary layer

Reticular layer

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30
Q

Intercellular connections. Assist in strengthening and holding cells together.

A

Desmosomes

31
Q

Keratin is formed by cells called?

A

Keratinocytes

32
Q

1 in every 5 to 10 stratum germinativum cells are what?

A

Melanocytes

33
Q

Melanocytes are cells which produce?

A

Melanin

34
Q

Upper 1/5 of dermis - very thin. Connects dermis to epidermis. Contains pain and touch receptors and capillaries that feeds stratum germinativum. Membrane of ridges and grooves that make our fingerprints.

A

Papillary layer

35
Q

Attaches the skin to the underlying tissues and organs. It consist primarily of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue. It protects the muscles, bones and internal organs from being damaged.

A

Subcutaneous layer

36
Q

Serves as a heat insulator and a storage site of excess nutrients

A

Subcutaneous adipose tissue

37
Q

A group of similar cells is ________.

A

Tissues

38
Q

Name the four major groups of tissues. State each function.

A

Epithelial - covering, lining
Connective - connects and insulates
Muscles - movement
Nerve - transmit information electro-chemical signals.

39
Q

State the shapes of epithelial tissues.

A

Squamous
Columnar
Cuboidal
Transitional

40
Q

State the function of goblet cells.

A

Produces mucous to lubricate and protect

41
Q

What cell stores lipids in the body

A

Adipocytes

42
Q

What type of forms protein fibers in the connective tissues

A

Fibroblast

43
Q

State the two primary supportive connective tissue types

A

Cartilage and bones

44
Q

Immature cartilage cells are termed

A

Chondroblast

45
Q

Mature bone cells are termed

A

Osteocytes

46
Q

What is the matrix of blood

A

Plasma

47
Q

What is the functional cell in nervous tissue

A

Neurons (receive and transmit electro-chemical signals)

48
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble

A

A,D,E,K

49
Q

Name the vitamin necessary for blood clot formation

A

Vitamin K

50
Q

List the nutrients needed for tissue repair

A

Proteins
carbohydrates
Vitamins A,B,C,D,E,K

51
Q

A deficiency of this vitamin can prevent even superficial healing

A

Vitamin C

52
Q

Which cells help with tissue repair which results in scar formation

A

Stroma

53
Q

Which cells help with tissue repair which is nearly perfect

A

Parenchyma

54
Q

What is the study of the tissues called?

A

Histology

55
Q

What is the study of the skin

A

Dermatology

56
Q

List the general functions of the skin?

A 
Secretion
Heat regulation
Absorption
Protection
Excretion
Sensation
57
Q

The skin secretes sebum from the sebaceous glands. This fatty substance lubricates the hair shafts and when combined with perspiration on the surface of the skin, it creates a natural moisturizer, which acts as a protective barrier against bacteria

A

Secretion

58
Q

Nerves control the state of the skins blood vessels by two actions:

A

Dilation

Constriction

59
Q

The organs involved in heat production

A

Muscles
Liver
Digestive organs

60
Q

Name two different types of sweat glands?

A

Eccrine

Apocrine

61
Q

The sweat gland attached to the hair follicle

A

Apocrine

62
Q

Perspiration is a secretion discharged directly onto the surface of the skin by which glands?

A

Eccrine sweat glands

63
Q

What is the primary function of melanin?

A

To protect the deeper layers of the skin from damage

64
Q

What type of tissue is the skin made up of?

A

Stratified squamous epithelial tissue

65
Q

Keratin, a fibrous protein, would be found most abundantly in which layer of the epidermis?

A

Stratum corneum

66
Q

The layer of the epidermis (skin) where the skin is thick, that can only be found on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet?

A

Stratum luciderm

67
Q

The pigment produced by melanocytes is called? What layer are these cells found?

A

Melanin. Stratum germinativum, stratum spinosum, (basal layer)

68
Q

How does melanin prevent skin damage from U.V. Light?

A

The more melanin the harder it is for rays to reach the dermis. Absorbs harmful rays and stops them from penetrating into body

69
Q

What will excessive exposure to U.V. Light result in?

A

Damage to the DNA in the cells in the Basal layers

70
Q

Melanocytes begin producing melanin when they are exposed to what?

A

UV light

71
Q

Natural body odor is produced by the ________ glands

A

Apocrine

72
Q

Helps with premature aging and hydration. Found in reticular layer

A

Hyaluronic acid

73
Q

How long does the desquamation process take?

A

2-3 weeks for children and infants
4-6 weeks for people in 20s
6-8 weeks for 40s - 60s

74
Q

What does the sebaceous glands secrete?

A

These are the oil glands- they secrete an oil called sebum

75
Q

List the appendages found in the dermis

A 
Arrector muscles
Blood vessels
Hair follicles
Nerve endings
Sebaceous glands
Sudoriferous - sweat glands

Integumentary (1 decks)

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