integument part 1

Question 1

what are the layers of the epidermis?

Answer 1

stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
straum basale
(Come Lets Get Sun Burned)

Question 2

what layer of the epidermis only presents in thick/hairless skin?

Answer 2

stratum lucidum (e.g. paw pads)

Question 3

what is the dermis layer comprised of?

Answer 3

collagen
elastic fibers
glycosaminoglycan matrix
vessels
nerves
piloerector muscle

adnexa- hair follicles, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, eccrine glands (feet)

Question 4

what is the subcutis/ panniculus/ hypodermic comprised of?

Answer 4

adipose tissue
collgenous
elastic fibers
vessels
nerves

Question 5

what does the stratum corneum contain?

Answer 5

mature kertinocytes
toughness of skin/ protection layer

Question 6

what cell types is apart of the stratum lucidum?

Answer 6

found only in hairless skin
compact keratinized cells

Question 7

what cell types are apart of the stratum granulosum?

Answer 7

granular cell layer
granules of keratin

Question 8

what cells types are apart of the stratum spinosum?

Answer 8

polyhedral cells without granules attached by desmosomes
*desmosomes are in all layers but most apparent in this layer

Question 9

what cell types are apart of the stratum basale layer?

Answer 9

germinal layer
cuboidal cells
rest on basement membrane (separation between epidermis and dermis)
unipotent stems cells

Question 10

what are the specialized cells that help protect the epidermis?

Answer 10

melanocytes
langerhans
Merkel cells

Question 11

what do melanocytes do?

Answer 11

melanin pigment
color to hair follicle and skin
protection from UV injury

Question 12

what do langerhan cells do?

Answer 12

type of dendritic cell
presents antigens to T cells

Question 13

what do Merkel cells do?

Answer 13

mechanoreceptors
present in skin with tactical sensitivity

Question 14

what cell type protects the skin from the environment and where does it arise from?

Answer 14

keratinocytes
-arise from the stratum basale and differentiate as they reach the corneum

Question 15

what structures in the dermis allow for tensile strength and elasticity?

Answer 15

collagen
elastic fibers
glycosaminoglycan matrix

Question 16

what structures in the dermis allow for wound healing and sensation?

Answer 16

vascular supply
nerves
movement of immune cells

Question 17

what are the three regions of the hair follicle?

Answer 17

infundibulum (superficial)
isthmus (middle)
inferior region (deep)

Question 18

what smooth muscle allows for contraction which causes the erection of hairs and expression of sebaceous glands?

Answer 18

arrestor pili muscle

Question 19

what gland is effected when submittal organ of cats is affected? (chin acne)

Answer 19

sebaceous gland

Question 20

what are the two types of sweat glands?

Answer 20

apocrine
eccrine

Question 21

where are apocrine glands found and at what level do they secrete?

Answer 21

coiled glands of haired skin
secrete at the level of the follicular ostia

Question 22

where are eccrine glands found and at what level do they secrete?

Answer 22

tubular glands typically in non-haired skin
secrete onto epidermal surface
in specialized areas like paw pads, frogs

Question 23

what are the portals of entry of the epidermis?

Answer 23

absorption
penetrating trauma
UV exposure/radiation
direct contact with irritant/ microbial agents
extreme temperatures

Question 24

what are the functional layers of the subcutis/panniculus

Answer 24

structural support and anchor to deeper tissue
collagenous and elastic fibers
adipose tissue

Question 25

what are the portals of entry to the dermis

Answer 25

hematogenous nerves adnexa: penetration via follicular ostia rupture of sebaceous gland, apocrine, or follicle

Question 26

what is hyperkeratosis

Answer 26

alterations in cornification increase thickness in stratum corneum -often secondary lesion to inflammation, trauma, friction, nutrition

Question 27

what are the two types of hyperkeratosis

Answer 27

orthokeratosis parakertosis

Question 28

what is orthokeratosis

Answer 28

nuclei absent

Question 29

what is parakertatosis

Answer 29

nuclei present

Question 30

what are the 4 types of hyperplasia?

Answer 30

regular irregular papillate pseudocarcinomatous

Question 31

what is spongiosis

Answer 31

-edema -fluid accumulation between the cells -desmosomes becomes accentuated but stay together

Question 32

what is the terminology for intracellular fluid that causes cytoplasmic swelling of kertinocytes that can lead to rupture and formation of microvesicles?

Answer 32

ballooning degeneration

Question 33

what is the term for the disruption of intercellular junction (desmosomes) between keratinocytes

Answer 33

acantholysis

Question 34

what is a fluid intraepidermal or subepidermal space

Answer 34

vesicle/ bullae

Question 35

what can cause the fluid accumulation/ vesicle/ bullae

Answer 35

immune-mediated, burns, viral, etc

Question 36

what are the responses to injury in the dermis

Answer 36

atrophy fibrosis collagen dysplasia

Question 37

what is sebaceous adenitis?

Answer 37

inflammation of sebaceous gland

Question 38

what is the primary cause of sebaceous adenitis?

Answer 38

immune-mediated disease in dogs and rare in other species acute: lymphocytes and macrophages around ducts chronic: loss of sebaceous glands, scarring

Question 39

what is the secondary cause of sebaceous adenitis?

Answer 39

sebaceous gland inflammation can occur secondary to folliculitis, dermatitis

Question 40

what is the term for inflammation of the adipose tissue

Answer 40

panniculitis

Question 41

what is the primary cause of panniculitis?

Answer 41

adipose tissue is the main target of the disease process

Question 42

what is the secondary cause of panniculitis?

Answer 42

subcutitis is affected by inflammation of the dermis that extends into the subcutis

Question 43

what are abnormal deposits in the dermis

Answer 43

-mucin- glycosaminoglycan, high affinity for water -calcium/phosphorus (mineral)

Question 44

effects of acute dermatitis

Answer 44

begins with hyperemia, edema, exocytosis of leukocytes, release of inflammatory mediators

Question 45

what are the four outcomes of dermatitis?

Answer 45

resolution abscess scar formation progression

Question 46

what are the four types of folliculitis

Answer 46

perifolliculitis mural luminal bulb

Question 47

what is the term inflammation weakens follicular wall and results in rupture and release of contents into dermis?

Answer 47

furunculosis