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Integument and Alimentary > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 layers of the common integument

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutis

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2
Q

Name the 5 layers of the Epidermis

A

Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale

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3
Q

What 2 epidermal layers are found in birds?

A

Stratum Corneum
Stratum Germinitavum (Basale)

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4
Q

Name the 3 epidermal layers in reptiles.

A

Stratum Germinitavum
Stratum Intermedium
Stratum Corneum

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5
Q

What type of fat is found in the subcutis?

A

White fat

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6
Q

What type of muscle is the subcutis attached to?

A

Subcutaneous muscle

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7
Q

Which cutaneous muscle is found in the neck and face?

A

Platysma

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8
Q

Which cutaneous muscle is found in the frontal skull bone?

A

Frontalis

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9
Q

Which cutaneous muscle covers the lateral sides of the trunk?

A

Cutaneous trunci

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10
Q

Which cutaneous muscle covers the arm and shoulder?

A

Cutaneous omobrachialis

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11
Q

Which cutaneous muscles cover the ventral midline up to the prepuce?

A

Preputial muscle

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12
Q

How are the dermis and epidermis connected?

A

Interlocking papillae

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13
Q

How are collagen fibres oriented in the dermis?

A

Tension lines

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14
Q

Name 7 structures found within the epidermis.

A

Sweat + sebaceous glands
Blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels
Nerves
Sensory receptors
Hair follicle
Arrector pili

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15
Q

In which layers of the epidermis are keratinocytes produced?

A

Stratum basale

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16
Q

What do keratinocytes become once they reach stratum corneum? And how do they differ?

A

Corneocytes
Dead cells - no organelles or nuclei

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17
Q

Where are melanocytes produced?

A

Stratum basale

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18
Q

How do melanocytes deliver melanin to keratinocytes?

A

Cellular processes

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19
Q

Name the macrophage found in the epidermis

A

Langerhans cells

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20
Q

Name the 3 plexuses comprising the blood supply of the epidermis.

A

Subcutaneous plexus
Reticular vascular plexus
Superficial papillary plexus

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21
Q

Sensory nerves in the dermis and subcutis detect what 3 things?

A

Pain
Heat
Pressure

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22
Q

Autonomic nerves in the dermis supply what 3 things?

A

Blood vessels
Sweat glands
Arrector pili

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23
Q

Which cell is hair made from?

A

Dead keratinocytes

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24
Q

To what layer of the integument does the hair follicle extend from the epidermis?

A

Dermis

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25
Q

What does the bulb of the hair follicle sit on? What happens here?

A

Papilla
Epithelial cells rapidly divide
and push out keratinocytes

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26
Q

Name 3 structures associated with the hair follicle.

A

Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
Arrector pili

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27
Q

How deep do tactile hairs penetrate the epidermis?

A

Subcutis
Sometimes muscle

28
Q

Name the blood filled cavity surrounding tactile hairs that amplifies their stimulus.

A

Venous sinus

29
Q

Which gland regulates seasonal shedding?

A

Pineal gland

30
Q

Name, in order, the 3 stages of hair development. What happens in each stage?

A

Anagen - Growth
Catagen - Transition, slowing
Telogen - Stop and shed

31
Q

These bird feathers contain a vascular dermis and will bleed if broken.

A

Blood feathers

32
Q

Which feathers allow flight? How do they get their aerofoil shape?

A

Contour feathers
Asymmetrical vanes

33
Q

Name the main shaft of the feather.

A

Rachis

34
Q

Where would you clip the wings to prevent flight.

A

Between the primary and primary covert, and between the secondary and secondary covert feathers.

35
Q

What type of feather is found in birds without green glands? What do they produce?

A

Powder down feathers
Keratin powder

36
Q

Name the specialised plate found in the epidermis of reptiles.

A

Osteoderm

37
Q

To what do osteoderms fuse to produce the shell in turtles?

A

Ribs

38
Q

What are reptiles at greater risk from due to their thicker epidermis?

A

Thermal burns

39
Q

The parietal eye, found in reptiles, is associated with which gland?

A

Pineal gland

40
Q

Which gland controls ecdysis?

A

Thyroid

41
Q

Why may reptiles become more aggressive during ecdysis?

A

Their spectacle scale goes opaque
Reducing vision

42
Q

Name the modified epithelial cell organ in fish that detects orientation. What 3 other things does it detect?

A

Lateral Line System
Movement
Pressure
Vibration

43
Q

To what structure are sebaceous glands associated?

A

Hair follicle

44
Q

What 3D structure do sebaceous glands have?

A

Acinar

45
Q

What do sebaceous glands produce? Name 3 of its properties.

A

Hydrophobic
Antimicrobial
Pheromones

46
Q

Name 5 glands found in carnivores

A

Circumoral
Carpal
Circumanal
Anal sac
Tail

47
Q

Name 5 glands found in ruminants.

A

Horn
Infraorbital pouch
Interdigital
Inguinal pouch
Preputial

48
Q

Name the 2 main types of sweat gland.

A

Apocrine
Eccrine

49
Q

What do apocrine glands release? Where is it released?

A

Albuminous sweat
Hair follicles

50
Q

What do eccrine glands produce? Where is it secreted?

A

Watery sweat
Onto the skin

51
Q

From which gland has the mammary gland been specialised?

A

Apocrine

52
Q

Udders involute during the dry period, what do they produce to protect from bacterial infection?

A

Keratin plug

53
Q

In the udder, what type of cell surrounds alveoli, what does it produce?

A

Mammary cuboidal epithelial cells
Milk

54
Q

List the organisation within the udder

A

Alveoli
Lobules
Lobes

55
Q

Name the cells responsible for pushing milk out of the alveoli. Through which ducts is it pushed?

A

Myoepithelial
Lobular -> Lactiferous

56
Q

Where is milk stored? Name the 2 segments. What separates the 2 sections?

A

Lactiferous sinus
Teat sinus
Gland sinus
Mucosal fold

57
Q

What hormone triggers milk ‘let down’? What 2 effects does it have on the udder?

A

Oxytocin
Contraction of myoepithelial cells
Relaxation of teat sphincter

58
Q

Name the 2 processes chickens use in thermoregulation.

A

Evapotranspiration
Radiation

59
Q

How is the epidermis of birds described? What does this mean?

A

Lipogenic
Deposits lipid film onto feathers

60
Q

Name the 3 glands found in birds. What vitamin is one of them associated with?

A

Uropygial - vitamin D
Vent
Aural

61
Q

Name the 2 main glands found in reptiles.

A

Scent - vent
Pre-femoral/femoral

62
Q

2 types of gland found in ferrets

A

Sebaceous
Anal

63
Q

2 types of gland found in guinea pigs

A

Sebaceous
Caudal ‘greasy’

64
Q

2 types of gland found in hamsters and gerbils

A

Flank
Ventral

65
Q

3 types of gland found in rabbits

A

Chin
Inguinal
Anal

66
Q

Main gland found in fish

A

Mucus

Integument and Alimentary (1 decks)

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