Integument Flashcards
Name the 3 layers of the common integument
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutis
Name the 5 layers of the Epidermis
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale
What 2 epidermal layers are found in birds?
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Germinitavum (Basale)
Name the 3 epidermal layers in reptiles.
Stratum Germinitavum
Stratum Intermedium
Stratum Corneum
What type of fat is found in the subcutis?
White fat
What type of muscle is the subcutis attached to?
Subcutaneous muscle
Which cutaneous muscle is found in the neck and face?
Platysma
Which cutaneous muscle is found in the frontal skull bone?
Frontalis
Which cutaneous muscle covers the lateral sides of the trunk?
Cutaneous trunci
Which cutaneous muscle covers the arm and shoulder?
Cutaneous omobrachialis
Which cutaneous muscles cover the ventral midline up to the prepuce?
Preputial muscle
How are the dermis and epidermis connected?
Interlocking papillae
How are collagen fibres oriented in the dermis?
Tension lines
Name 7 structures found within the epidermis.
Sweat + sebaceous glands
Blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels
Nerves
Sensory receptors
Hair follicle
Arrector pili
In which layers of the epidermis are keratinocytes produced?
Stratum basale
What do keratinocytes become once they reach stratum corneum? And how do they differ?
Corneocytes
Dead cells - no organelles or nuclei
Where are melanocytes produced?
Stratum basale
How do melanocytes deliver melanin to keratinocytes?
Cellular processes
Name the macrophage found in the epidermis
Langerhans cells
Name the 3 plexuses comprising the blood supply of the epidermis.
Subcutaneous plexus
Reticular vascular plexus
Superficial papillary plexus
Sensory nerves in the dermis and subcutis detect what 3 things?
Pain
Heat
Pressure
Autonomic nerves in the dermis supply what 3 things?
Blood vessels
Sweat glands
Arrector pili
Which cell is hair made from?
Dead keratinocytes
To what layer of the integument does the hair follicle extend from the epidermis?
Dermis
What does the bulb of the hair follicle sit on? What happens here?
Papilla
Epithelial cells rapidly divide
and push out keratinocytes
Name 3 structures associated with the hair follicle.
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
Arrector pili
How deep do tactile hairs penetrate the epidermis?
Subcutis
Sometimes muscle
Name the blood filled cavity surrounding tactile hairs that amplifies their stimulus.
Venous sinus
Which gland regulates seasonal shedding?
Pineal gland
Name, in order, the 3 stages of hair development. What happens in each stage?
Anagen - Growth
Catagen - Transition, slowing
Telogen - Stop and shed
These bird feathers contain a vascular dermis and will bleed if broken.
Blood feathers
Which feathers allow flight? How do they get their aerofoil shape?
Contour feathers
Asymmetrical vanes
Name the main shaft of the feather.
Rachis
Where would you clip the wings to prevent flight.
Between the primary and primary covert, and between the secondary and secondary covert feathers.
What type of feather is found in birds without green glands? What do they produce?
Powder down feathers
Keratin powder
Name the specialised plate found in the epidermis of reptiles.
Osteoderm
To what do osteoderms fuse to produce the shell in turtles?
Ribs
What are reptiles at greater risk from due to their thicker epidermis?
Thermal burns
The parietal eye, found in reptiles, is associated with which gland?
Pineal gland
Which gland controls ecdysis?
Thyroid
Why may reptiles become more aggressive during ecdysis?
Their spectacle scale goes opaque
Reducing vision
Name the modified epithelial cell organ in fish that detects orientation. What 3 other things does it detect?
Lateral Line System
Movement
Pressure
Vibration
To what structure are sebaceous glands associated?
Hair follicle
What 3D structure do sebaceous glands have?
Acinar
What do sebaceous glands produce? Name 3 of its properties.
Hydrophobic
Antimicrobial
Pheromones
Name 5 glands found in carnivores
Circumoral
Carpal
Circumanal
Anal sac
Tail
Name 5 glands found in ruminants.
Horn
Infraorbital pouch
Interdigital
Inguinal pouch
Preputial
Name the 2 main types of sweat gland.
Apocrine
Eccrine
What do apocrine glands release? Where is it released?
Albuminous sweat
Hair follicles
What do eccrine glands produce? Where is it secreted?
Watery sweat
Onto the skin
From which gland has the mammary gland been specialised?
Apocrine
Udders involute during the dry period, what do they produce to protect from bacterial infection?
Keratin plug
In the udder, what type of cell surrounds alveoli, what does it produce?
Mammary cuboidal epithelial cells
Milk
List the organisation within the udder
Alveoli
Lobules
Lobes
Name the cells responsible for pushing milk out of the alveoli. Through which ducts is it pushed?
Myoepithelial
Lobular -> Lactiferous
Where is milk stored? Name the 2 segments. What separates the 2 sections?
Lactiferous sinus
Teat sinus
Gland sinus
Mucosal fold
What hormone triggers milk ‘let down’? What 2 effects does it have on the udder?
Oxytocin
Contraction of myoepithelial cells
Relaxation of teat sphincter
Name the 2 processes chickens use in thermoregulation.
Evapotranspiration
Radiation
How is the epidermis of birds described? What does this mean?
Lipogenic
Deposits lipid film onto feathers
Name the 3 glands found in birds. What vitamin is one of them associated with?
Uropygial - vitamin D
Vent
Aural
Name the 2 main glands found in reptiles.
Scent - vent
Pre-femoral/femoral
2 types of gland found in ferrets
Sebaceous
Anal
2 types of gland found in guinea pigs
Sebaceous
Caudal ‘greasy’
2 types of gland found in hamsters and gerbils
Flank
Ventral
3 types of gland found in rabbits
Chin
Inguinal
Anal
Main gland found in fish
Mucus
