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N304 > Integrative Therapies > Flashcards

Integrative Therapies Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Conventional therapies

A

Mainstream community medical practice

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2
Q

Define: Complementary therapies

A

Not meant to replace conventional therapy, but use in addition to in order to achieve wellness

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3
Q

Define: Alternative therapies

A

A more “natural” approach; outside accepted medical theory

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4
Q

Define: Integrative therapies

A

Best of conventional and complementary therapies

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5
Q

Define: Holistic nursing

A

Treating the entire individual because they are interconnected (mind, body, etc.)

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6
Q

What is the main difference between medicine and holistic paradigms?

A
  • Illness vs. wellness

- Illness model tells patients what to do, whereas wellness model empowers people to take responsibility for this health

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7
Q

What is holistic health?

A
  • A context or philosophy of care that embraces the whole person
  • Not a particular set of specific therapies
  • State of well-being characterized by optimal integration of body, mind and spirit
  • An imbalance in one does affect the other two
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8
Q

What are the principles of holistic health?

A
  • Human beings are living energy systems rather than an arrangement of parts
  • Every illness of body reflects a corresponding disturbance in mind and spirit
  • Recognize one’s physical, mental and spiritual potential
  • Healing is a natural process
  • Natural, low-risk methods quicken individual’s health resources and take precedence over other invasive therapies when possible (e.g. drugs, surgery)
  • Personal responsibility is fundamental
  • A holistic practitioner engages in ongoing learning process and “walks the walk”
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9
Q

What is the role of the Canadian Holistic Nurses Association?

A
  • Develops standards for practice for holistic nursing, education and research
  • Just in addition to code of ethics and CRNBC, does NOT replace!
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10
Q

Describe Canadian’s and their use of

A
  • 74% have used at least one form of CAM’s (complementary and alt medicine) in their lifetime
  • Will be spend approx. 7.8 annually on CAM products and practitioners
  • 31.4%-91% of all Ca patient’s use CAM therapies for some periods, often in conjunction with standard medical treatment
  • Growing #’s of people with chronic/incurable conditions
  • Concern for healthcare costs
  • Increasing cultural diversity; exposure to different models of health beliefs and healing
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11
Q

Why do people use CAM’s?

A
  • Holistic philosophy
  • Empowerment - being able to feel in control of well-being
  • Improve quality of life
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12
Q

What are the common goals of CAM use?

A
  • Manage/minimize side effects of conventional tx and/or symptoms
  • Promote feelings of well-being
  • Enhance immune system, relaxation response decreases stress
  • Enhance efficacy of conventional tx
  • Promote sense of self control
  • Augment hope
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13
Q

What are major categories of CAM’s?

A
  • Whole medical systems
  • Mind-body interventions
  • Nutrition as medicine
  • Biologically based therapies (natural health products)
  • Manipulative and body-based therapies
  • Energy therapies
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14
Q

What are Whole Medical Systems?

A
  • Complete systems of diagnosis and practice; many practices that focus on a philosophy (e.g. presence of “energy” in the body”)
  • Traditional Aboriginal medicine
  • Naturopathic medicine (focus on non-invasive treatments and facilitating the body to heal)
  • Traditional Chinese medicine
  • Latin American practices
  • Ayurveda (life force, emotional/physical/spiritual, focus on balance)
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15
Q

What are mind-body interventions?

A
  • Aromatherapy
  • Art Therapy
  • Biofeedback
  • Breathwork
  • Dance Therapy
  • Imagery
  • Meditation
  • Hypnotherapy
  • Yoga
  • Music
  • Prayer
  • Psychotherapy
  • Storytelling
  • Journaling
  • Humor
  • Animal-Assisted Therapy
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16
Q

What is aromatherapy?

A
  • Use of essential oils for therapeutic purposes that encompass mind, body and spirit
  • Obtained from a variety of plants t/o the world
  • Oils may be found in flowers, bark, leaves, wood, roots, seeds or peels
  • Inhaled/topically applied/ingested
  • Psychological and physical effects
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17
Q

What is biofeedback?

A
  • Uses instruments and teaches self-regulation strategies to help people increase voluntary control over internal physiological and mental processes.
  • Measures muscle tension, skin temp, cardiac activity, and brainwaves and then provides immediate feedback in the form of visual and/or auditory signals=increased awareness of internal processes
  • Uses: pain, DM, headaches, cessation of urinary incontinence, GI disorders
18
Q

What is imagery?

A
  • Guided, clinical hypnosis, or self hypnosis
  • Formation of a mental representation of an object, place, event, or situation that is perceived through the senses
  • Imagery, by inducing deep relaxation and reprocessing of stressful triggers, interrupts or alters the stress response and support the immune system
  • Uses: asthma, HTN, arthritis, IBS, MS, PMS, anxiety, decrease stress, pain, Ca tx
19
Q

What is meditation?

A
  • Self directed practice for relaxing the body and calming the mind; another form of relaxation therapy
  • Types: Mindfulness meditation, Transcendental meditation, Centering prayer, Relaxation Response, Walking the labyrinth, Breath awareness
  • Uses: stress reduction, anxiety, insomnia, depression, chronic fatigue, chronic pain, substance use, HTN, irritability, HIV, cancer, asthma, PTSD
  • Side effects: hallucinations, cardiovascular complications (e.g. they lower their BP but we still give them a HTN agent and put them into hypotension)
20
Q

What are some biologically based CAM’s?

A
  • Herbal Remedies
  • Homeopathic medicines
  • Vitamins and Minerals (megavitamin therapy)
  • Traditional medicines (Ayurvedic remedies) (traditional Chinese herbal remedies)
  • Probiotics
  • Amino acids, essential fatty acids, and antioxidant supplements
21
Q

Describe nutrition as medicine:

A
  • Gerson therapy: used primarily in Ca patients, includes nutritional supplements, low salt, high potassium, lots of veggies, fruit juices, etc.
  • Macrobiotic diet: fish, fruit, seeds, nuts, etc.
  • Mediterranean diet: full grains, nuts, veggies
22
Q

What are manipulative and body based therapies?

A
  • Acupressure
  • Chiropractic
  • Feldenkrais method
  • Tai chi
  • Massage Therapy
  • Simple Touch
23
Q

What is acupressure and acupuncture?

A
  • Acupressure: Uses the fingers to press certain points on the body to stimulate the body’s self-curative abilities
  • Acupuncture: 1-20 hair-thin needles inserted into your skin for 10-30 min. May apply electrical stimulation or heat to needles
  • TCM: restore balance in the body ‘yin’ and ‘yang’
  • Uses: COPD, dysmenorrhea, low-back pain, agitation/stress/anxiety, pain
24
Q

What is Feldenkrais?

A
  • Based on establishing good self-image through awareness and correction of body movements
  • Integrates the impact of physics on body movement patterns with how people move, behave and interact
  • Movement explorations which bring you back to your center, improve freedom of movement, etc.
25
Q

What is Tai Chi?

A
  • Traditional Chinese martial art and mind-body exercise
  • Chen , Yang, Wu, Sun styles
  • Promotes free flow of energy throughout the body which improves health of an individual
  • Good for strengthening muscle, improving flexibility and decreasing stress
26
Q

What is massage therapy?

A
  • Application of manual techniques and adjunctive therapies with the intention of positively affecting health and well-being
  • Produce friction and pressure on cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues
  • Various different types (e.g. deep tissue)
  • Promotes relaxation, reduce pain, promote sleep, lessen anxiety and improve mobility
27
Q

What are examples of energy and bio-field therapies?

A
  • Qigong
  • Reiki
  • Healing Touch/Therapeutic Touch
  • Acupressure/Acupuncture (see body based)
  • Reflexology
  • Light Therapy
  • Magnet Therapy (all living things live in a magnetic field [the earth] and we have our own magnetic field)
28
Q

What is Qigong?

A
  • Practice of breathing, movement, and meditation and involves the assuming of basic postures
  • Promotes strength, balance and optimal functioning
  • Cross-over with Tai Chi
29
Q

What is Reiki therapy?

A
  • Intended to affect the energy fields that purportedly surround and penetrate the body
  • Practitioner places a hand on or above the body and transfers “universal life energy” to the patient, the energy from this therapy provides strength, harmony and balance
  • E.g. modern family, the homeless man living in their backyard was a “Reiki” therapist
30
Q

What is healing touch?

A
  • Uses gentle touch to influence and support the human energy system within the body (energy centers) and surrounding the body (energy fields)
  • Differences exist in how touch is used throughout the world based on philosophical and cultural differences
  • Focuses on creating an energetic balance of the whole body at the physical, emotional, mental and spiritual levels
  • Hands influence the flow of energy to promote balance and healing
  • Uses: pain, anxiety, stress, relaxation, depression
31
Q

What is reflexology?

A
  • Specific pressure technique that works on precise reflex points of the feet that correspond to other body parts
  • Have to be cautious in patients with impaired CV function or other feet problems (e.g. DM)
32
Q

Which CAM is within a nurses scope for our patient’s?

A
  • Relaxation Therapy
  • Meditation/Breathing
  • Imagery
  • Simple Touch
33
Q

What are the benefits of relaxation therapy?

A
  • Decreased muscle tension/tension headaches
  • Improved well-being
  • Reduce symptoms of distress and pain
  • Decrease anxiety related to diagnoses (e.g. HIV, PTSD)
  • Allow individuals control over health and lives
  • Can be used alone or in combination with deep-breathing, imagery, yoga, music and/or art therapy
34
Q

What are limitations to relaxation therapy?

A
  • Fear loss of control
  • Anxiety
  • Physiological and psychological status
35
Q

What are the benefits of meditation/breathing?

A
  • Improved breathing patterns
  • Manages stress/decrease anxiety
  • Manage symptoms of depression
  • Lowers BP
  • Manage chronic pain
  • Increase productivity
  • Improves mood
  • Decreases irritability
  • Limited by feared loss of control and can augment certain drugs
36
Q

What areas require training/certification?

A
  • Biofeedback
  • Chiropractic
  • TCM
  • Acupuncture
  • Therapeutic Touch
37
Q

Describe drug-herb interactions:

A
  • 25000 plant species used medicinally throughout the world!
  • Oldest form of medicine
  • 1/3 of modern drugs were developed from plants
  • Herbs are potent products which when taken concurrently with drugs can cause potential interaction(s)
  • Interaction knowledge limited
38
Q

What do we need to know when assessing drug-herb interactions?

A
  • Pharmacokinetics (metabolism, excretion, etc.)
  • Absorption; some herbs bind to other drugs and inhibit absorption or reduce action of drugs with narrow therapeutic index (e.g. digoxin, warfarin)
39
Q

What are some safe, common NPH’s?

A
  • Echinacea (not for longer than 8 weeks; anti-inflammatory effects, but contradicted for Ca, lupus, asthma, etc.)
  • Evening Primrose Oil (anti-inflammatory, contraindicated for seizure disorders and GI troubles)
  • Fish Oil (can increase INR)
  • Garlic (stimulate immune system, but inhibits platelet aggregation)
  • Ginger (n/v, anti-inflammatory, may enhance effect of NSAID’s)
  • Ginkgo biloba
  • Glucosamine (can help with joint pain, arthritis)
  • Milk Thistle (anti-inflammatory, chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis or GI upset)
  • Saw palmetto (anti-inflammatory, BPH/urinary problems, increase risk of bleeding)
  • St. John’s wort* (can help with depression/menopause, inhibit uptake of serotonin; careful with anti-depressants and lots of other meds)
  • Valerian (taken for restlessness, movement disorders, etc., not to be used with other sedatives)
  • Chamomile (anti-inflammatory, anti-estrogenic, difficulty sleeping; can impact CNS depressants)
  • Black cohosh (not recommended for breast Ca history)
40
Q

What are unsafe NHP’s?

A
  • Comfrey (impairs wound healing, can lead to Cancer)
  • Ephedra (banned in US d/t causing liver failure)
  • Kava
  • Lobelia (overstimulate CNS, especially CV system)
41
Q

Before choosing CAM’s, what do we need to know?

A
  • Balance hopes and beliefs with resources
  • Look for accurate information about therapy
  • Ask about adverse effects with conventional tx
  • What are goals for the therapy?
  • Time commitment? Cost?
  • Talk with family physician and family
42
Q

What is the nursing role in CAM’s?

A
  • Know scope of practice
  • Possess appropriate knowledge and skill
  • Understand and practice within provincial and territorial legislation
  • Keep abreast in current research on CAM’s
  • Advise of appropriate times to initiate traditional vs/ CAM
  • Be aware of cultural and spiritual beliefs
  • Perform comprehensive med rec with each admission, transfer and discharge
  • Document accordingly

N304 (16 decks)

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