Integrative Metabolism Slides Flashcards
urine is comprised of
urea ammonia and uric acid
what are important compounds that lie at crossroads of major metabolic pathways
pyruvate
acetyl CoA
T/F Liver is the only major tissue that can carry out all of the pathways we have studied ( FA biosyn, Box, Glycol, GNG, AA, TCA, Glycogen synth & Degradation)
T
What is the major energy source of the brain and what is under and extended fasting state?
Glucose
Ketone Bodies
what energy sources can the muscles utilize
Glucose
FA
Ketone Bodies
function of phosphocreatine
stores high energy phosphate for quick ATP formation
Fatty acids are what organs fuel of choice when at rest
heart
during workout what is the major source of energy of the heart
Ketone Bodies
function of adipose tissue
store and release FA
secrete hormones
fatty acids for storage come from
lipoproteins
TAGs are hydrolyzed by
hormone-sensitive lipase
if glycerol 3P is in short supply what can happen
free FAs can be released in the blood stream
if you have high levels of glucagon (low blood glucose) or high levels of epi what does this activate in terms of TAG mobilization
activates receptors in liver and adipose
cAMP
if you have high levels of cAMP describe what is activated and decreased
activates protein kinases
decreases lipid synthesis
activates hormone sensitive lipase
T/F TAG–> FA + Glycerol –> FA sent to liver
F, it is Glycerol that is sent to the liver
all nutrients absorbed by small intestines passes through portal vein to the liver except?
FAs
Major role of the liver is
to act as blood glucose buffer
how does liver act as blood glucose buffer
takes up glucose from blood stream after meal
OR
supplies bloodstream with glucose when its low
what lipoproteins contain ApoC-II which activates lipoprotein lipase
Chylomicrons
VLDL
IDL
under low energy demands in the Liver FAs are converted to
TAGs and VLDL
Liver can synthesize and degrade
TAG
What can the liver produce
glucose
Ketone bodies
why cant the liver utilize Ketone Bodies
lacks 3-ketoacylCoA-trasnferase
under high metabolic demands what is the major energy source in the liver and what pathways are activated in the liver
FAs
GNG and KB synthesis
what do amino acids serve as a source for ( 3 things , in the liver )
carbon skeletons for energy production
conversion to glucose (glucogenic AA)
conversion to KB ( ketogenic AA)
T/F AA are used for energy after a meal in the liver
T
what is the organ whos main role is filtration
Kidneys
define filtration
remove wastes while recovering metabolites
what is the kidneys 3 major roles
- Buffer (pH)
- Nitrogen Metabolism
- Solubilization for excretion
release of insulin from the pancreas is trigger by
glucose
insulin promotes fuel storage where
in muscle and adipocytes
what hormone receptors are found in adipocytes
Glucagon
Insulin
Epinephrine
what hormone receptros are found in liver
glucagon
epinephrine
insulin
what hormone receptors are found in liver
insulin
epi
glucagon
what lacks a glucagon receptor
muscles
high levels of glucagon activate what pathway in the liver ? what about adipocytes?
Glycogenolysis in liver
FA breakdown via hormone-sens lipase
high levels of insuline activate what pathway in muscle, adipocytes, and liver
Glycogenesis in muscle
lipogenesis
glycogenesis in liver
high levels of Epi activate what pathway in muscle, adipocytes, adn liver
Glycogenolysis
Lipolysis
glycogenolysis & GNG in liver
what hormones can adipocytes produce
Adiponectin
Leptin
where can apiponectin bind
liver and muscle cells
what is the effect of high levels of AMPK
increase insulin sensitivity
what is the satiety hormone?
leptin
what hormone is the appetite stimulator (hungry) and what is the appetite suppressor (full)
Ghrelin
Leptin
