Integration of Metabolism Flashcards
what are the 3 main decisions in the reductionist approach ?
what to do with the following:
- G6P
- pyruvate
- acetyl coa
G6P uses
convert to:
- G1P to create glycogen
- thru PPP to create R5P
- F6P to create pyruvate
what can pyruvate be converted into?
acetyl coa
alanine
lactate
OAA
fates of acetyl CoA
- enter ketone body synthesis
- FA synthesis
- TCA or OxPhos cycle
brain
no fuel reserve
wants glucose
—use ketones in starvation
does not export fuel
skeletal muscle during rest
glycogen, protein reserves
wants fatty acids
does not export fuel
skeletal muscle during activity
no reserves
uses glucose
exports lactate
heart muscle
no reserves
wants fatty acids
does not export
adipose tissue
TAG reserves
wants to use fatty acids
exports fatty acids and glycerol
liver
reserves = glycogen, TAGs
uses glucose, FAs, AAs
exports: FAs, glucose, ketone bodies
what are the main fuel producers of the body
liver - glucose
adipose - FAs
kidneys - glucose during starvation only
what are the main fuel consumers of the body
skeletal muscle
glycogen —> creatine Pi —> lactate
brain
glucose —> ketones
heart
FAs —> lactate/ketones
significance of liver lacking CoA transferase
it can produce but not use ketone bodies
organs containing the urea cycle
liver
kidneys
LDL
origin - vldl
destination - all cells
role – cholesterol distribution
HDL
origin - empty liver
destination - full liver
role - cholesterol collection
VLDL
origin - liver
destination - adipose
role - TAG transport
chylomicron
origin - intestine
destination - adipose
role - TAG transport
diabetes mimics _____ conditions
starvation conditions
the insulin deficiency blocks entry of glucose into muscle and adipose cells
problems w/ the insulin receptor - its never put out on memb of cells
or
insulin is never produced
enzyme regulators of metabolism
AMPK and mTOR
serine/threonine kinases w/ opposite functions
mTOR increases synthesis pathways - on in fed state
AMPK inhibits it
enzyme metabolism regulators - sirtuins
deacetylate lysine
use NAD+
redox rxn
activated when [NAD+] is high
metabolism regulators - hormones
insulin glucagon epinephrine leptin ghrelin PYY3-36 adiponectin
insulin
released from pancreas
acts in fed state
tells cells to uptake glucose
leptin
released from adipose
acts in full state
meant to tell you you’re full
